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((Short description|American frontier fort used by Lewis & Clark))
((More citations needed|date=January 2013))
[[File:Fort Mandan.JPG|thumb|right|300 px|Winter view of reconstructed Fort Mandan, North Dakota]]'''Fort Mandan''' was the name of the encampment which the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] built for wintering over in 1804–1805.  The encampment was located on the [[Missouri River]] approximately ((convert|12|mile|spell=in)) from the site of present-day [[Washburn, North Dakota]], which developed later. The precise location is not known for certain. It is believed now to be under the water of the river. A replica of the fort has been constructed near the original site.<ref name="fortmandan"/>

==Construction and conditions==
[[File:001 Fort Mandan Interior.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Interior yard of the replica of Fort Mandan, North Dakota]]
The fort was built of [[Populus sect. Aegiros|cottonwood]] lumber cut from the riverbanks.  It was triangular in shape, with high walls on all sides, an interior open space between structures, and a gate facing the Missouri River, by which the party would normally travel. Storage rooms provided a safe place to keep supplies. Lewis and Clark shared a room.<ref>[http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1804-11-03&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl Gary Moulton, ed., ''Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Online'', 3 November 1804], University of Nebraska Press</ref> The men of the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition|Corps of Discovery]] started the fort on November 2, 1804. Fort Mandan was completed on November 27, 1804<ref>((Cite web |author-link=https://lewisandclark.org/ |title=Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation |url=https://lewis-clark.org/the-trail/fort-mandan/ |url-status=live |website=Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation))</ref>. They wintered there until April 6, 1805. According to the journals, they built the fort slightly downriver from the [[Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site|five villages]] of the [[Mandan]] and [[Hidatsa]] nations.

The winter was very cold, with temperatures sometimes dipping to ((cvt|-45|°F)),<ref>Gary E. Moulton, ed, ''The Definitive Journals of Lewis & Clark,'' Vol. 3: ''Up the Missouri to Fort Mandan'' (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), p. 258.</ref> but the fort provided some protection from the elements.<ref>[http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1804-11-05&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl Moulton, ''Journals Online'', 5 November 1804], University of Nebraska, Lincoln</ref> Several of the men of the expedition suffered [[frostbite]] due to the severely cold conditions, which set in after only brief exposure.<ref>Moulton (1987), Vol. 3, ''Up the Missouri,'' pp. 254-255.</ref>

==Diplomacy==
[[File:Captains' Room at Fort Mandan.JPG|thumb|right|300 px|Lewis and Clark's room at the reconstructed fort]]In addition to seeking protection during the winter, Captains [[Meriwether Lewis]] and [[William Clark (explorer)|William Clark]] spent much of this period on diplomatic efforts with the several [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes who lived near the fort.

As the expedition was to establish the first official contact between the United States and numerous nations across the territory, President [[Thomas Jefferson]] had directed the captains to pursue diplomatic goals. They were to try to establish friendly relations with as many tribes as possible, and to prepare them for the arrival of United States traders to the region.<ref>Donald Jackson, ed., ''Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents,'' 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978.), 64.</ref> They were also to claim United States territorial [[sovereignty]] over the land, which had been occupied by Native Americans for thousands of years.<ref name="rhonda81-83"/> The historic tribes had differing conceptions of property use than did the European Americans.

The [[Lakota people|Teton]] people had already shown resistance to the expedition. Lewis and Clark gradually adjusted their goals, working to form alliances with the [[Arikara]], [[Hidatsa people|Hidatsa]], and [[Mandan]] against the Teton.<ref name="rhonda81-83">James P. Rhonda, ''Lewis and Clark among the Indians'' (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 81-83.</ref>

The Mandan were cautiously favorable toward such an alliance. When the Expedition returned to the area in 1806 while traveling east, the Mandan sent one of their chiefs, ''[[Sheheke]],'' on the trip to [[Washington, D.C.]] to meet with Thomas Jefferson.<ref>Tracy Potter, ''Sheheke: Mandan Indian Diplomat'' (Farcountry Press, 2003), 104 and 115.</ref> But the Mandan did not commit to trading with the United States at the expense of their previous partnership with Great Britain through Canadian traders.<ref>Rhonda (1984), ''Lewis and Clark among the Indians'', p. 90.</ref> The Hidatsa strongly resisted the American diplomatic efforts, often avoiding meeting with Lewis and Clark.<ref>Rhonda (1984), ''Lewis and Clark among the Indians'', pp. 90-94.</ref>

==Preparations for spring travel==
The Corps spent much time during the winter to prepare for their travel in the spring, repairing equipment, making clothing, processing dried meats, etc. In addition, on the way to their winter site, they had used maps made by previous explorers. From that point on in their westward journey, they would enter territory unfamiliar to Europeans according to known documentation.<ref>Clay S. Jenkinson, ''The Character of Meriwether Lewis: Explorer in the Wilderness'' (Dakota Institute Press, 2011), 13 and 16.</ref> Clark noted that he gathered information from chief [[Sheheke]] about the route to the west in order to make a preliminary map.<ref>[http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1805-01-07&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl ''Lewis and Clark Journals'', 7 January 1805], University of Nebraska Lincoln</ref>

Not knowing if they would survive the journey, Lewis and Clark used the winter to compile their descriptions of [[tributaries]] of the Missouri River, their observations about the Native nations encountered, and their descriptions of plant and mineral specimens which they had collected. All of this material was compiled into a manuscript which they called the ''Mandan Miscellany''. In the spring the captains sent a copy of the manuscript to government officials in St. Louis via their large [[keelboat]].<ref name="jenkinson">Clay S. Jenkinson, ed, ''A Vast and Open Plain: The Writings of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in North Dakota, 1804-1806 (Bismarck: State Historical Society of North Dakota, 2003), pp. 437-439</ref>  The boat was planned to return before their expected arrival at the Mandan area in 1806.

==Sacagawea==
Lewis and Clark appear to have first met [[Sacagawea]] at Fort Mandan.<ref name="jenkinson"/> Her husband [[Toussaint Charbonneau]] served as a Hidatsa interpreter for the expedition, and the journals imply that she lived at the fort with him.<ref>[http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1805-02-07&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl ''Lewis and Clark Journals'', 7 February 1805], University of Nebraska Lincoln</ref> Their son [[Jean Baptiste Charbonneau]], whom she kept with her throughout the expedition, was born on February 11, 1805, possibly at the fort.<ref>[http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1805-02-11&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl ''Lewis and Clark Journals'', 11 February 1805], University of Nebraska Lincoln</ref>

==1806 and after==
When the Corps passed back through the area in August 1806 on their return journey to the East, they found the fort had burnt to the ground. The cause is unknown. Since that time, the [[Missouri River]] has slowly eroded the bank and shifted course to the east, eroding away the former site of the fort.<ref name="fortmandan"/>

The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation built a replica of the fort along the river, ((convert|2.5|mile)) from the intersection of ND 200A and [[US 83]]. Made according to materials and design as described in the expedition's journals, it is located near the [[North Dakota Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center]]. The fort replica holds reproduction items, such as "Meriwether Lewis' field desk, William Clark's map-making tools, bunks the men slept in, equipment they carried in the field, clothes they wore, and the blacksmith's forge."<ref name="fortmandan"/>

In addition, the site has staff to give tours and interpretive programs about the Lewis and Clark Expedition and its significance in United States, state and regional history. Walking trails go along the property and the river.<ref name="fortmandan">[http://www.fortmandan.com/plan/ Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710082714/http://www.fortmandan.com/plan/ |date=2014-07-10 )), official website</ref>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.fortmandan.com/ Fort Mandan Foundation], official website

((coord|47|17|53|N|101|5|14|W|display=title))

[[Category:Lewis and Clark Expedition]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1805]]
[[Category:Landmarks in North Dakota]]
[[Category:Forts in North Dakota|Mandan]]
[[Category:Military and war museums in North Dakota]]
[[Category:Museums in McLean County, North Dakota]]
[[Category:History museums in North Dakota]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of North Dakota]]
[[Category:Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation]]
[[Category:Forts along the Missouri River]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1804]]

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