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((short description|Castle in Deva, Hunedoara County, Romania))
((More citations needed|date=May 2008))
((Infobox Military Structure
| name              = The Fortress of Deva<br/>''Cetatea Devei''<br>''Déva vára''
| partof            = 
| location          = [[Deva, Romania|Deva]], [[Hunedoara County]], [[Romania]]
| coordinates       =
| image             = Cetatea medievală Deva, în lumina răsăritului.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = Fortress of Deva as seen from above
| image2            =
| caption2          =
| type              = Fortress
| code              =
| built             = after 1242
| builder           = 
| materials         =
| height            =
| used              = 1269–1848
| demolished        =
| condition         = ruins in reconstruction
| ownership         =
| open_to_public    = yes
| controlledby      =
| garrison          =
| current_commander =
| commanders        =
| occupants         = [[John Hunyadi]], [[Gabriel Bethlen]]
| battles           =
| website = http://cetateadeva.ro/
| events            = [[Peter I Csák]], [[Palatine of Hungary]] defeated the Cumans,<br/>[[Ferenc Dávid]] died in the fortress's prison,<br/>[[Horea, Cloșca and Crișan]]'s revolt besieged (unsuccessfully) the fortress
))

The '''Fortress of Deva''' (((lang-ro|Cetatea Devei)), ((lang-hu|Déva vára))) is a [[fortress]] located in the city of [[Deva, Romania|Deva]], [[Hunedoara County]], [[Romania]], on top of a [[volcano|volcanic]] hill.

== Position ==

The fortress is located atop a volcano in the [[Poiana Ruscă Mountains|Poiana Ruscă Mountain Range]] within the Western [[Carpathian Mountains]] of Romania.  From the foot of the hill, the city of Deva spreads out, beginning with ''[[Magna Curia]]'' and the public park. Nearby are the most of the buildings of the administrative institutions of the city: the Court House, the Prefecture, the County Hall, the Finance Administration, the old police headquarters, the City Hall and two of the oldest schools in Deva: the ''Decebal National College'' and the ''Pedagogic Lyceum''.

The fortress is connected with the foot of the hill by an [[inclined lift]] which allows tourists to reach the fortress.<ref>((Cite news |url=https://www.transportbahnen.at/en/inclined-lifts/citadel-deva.html |title=Citadel Deva / Romania |newspaper=Abs Transportbahnen - Inclined Lift Systems, Lift Elevators & Funiculars |access-date=2019-02-19))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.primariadeva.ro/cetatea-deva/acces-telecabina |title=Acces telecabină|website=Primariadeva.ro |access-date=2019-02-19))</ref>

== History ==

The true story of this fortress begins in the glory days of Dacia. Here they built defense fortifications and an observation point from where they could see the Mures Valley, part of the Streiului Valley, and the Forest Land. The Roman conquerors strengthened the walls and defended this fortification, the trade road that connected with the rest of the empire, also called the salt road, passed right at the foot of the Hill. And the Mures basin experienced maximum economic prosperity at the time.
In the great year 1269, Deva Fortress is mentioned in a deed of donation of the young king Stefan, son of Bela IV, who makes a donation to a Wallachian count for the bravery shown in the battle fought under the walls of Deva Fortress. Then, in 1444, [[John Hunyadi]] took possession of the Deva Fortress with all its riches: 56 villages and gold mines. Also during his time is mentioned for the first time in a written document the fair of Deva, a settlement at the base of the hill. The Corvin family took control of the fortress and domain of Deva in 1504.<ref>((cite web | url=https://ziarulnatiunea.ro/2018/08/04/cetatea-devei-inca-de-la-dacii-intemeietori/ | title=Cetatea Devei: "Încă de la dacii întemeietori…" | date=4 August 2018 ))</ref>
The first evidence of the medieval Deva Fortress dates back to the second half of the 13th century; in 1269, [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V]], [[King of Hungary]] and [[Duke of Transylvania]], mentioned "the royal castle of Deva" in a privilege-grant for the [[Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)|Count]] Chyl of [[Câlnic, Alba|Kelling]]<!-- http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/a_calnic.html -->.<ref name="cetatea-a">((cite book
 | last      = Octavian
 | first     = Floca
 |author2=Ben Bassa
 | title     = Cetatea Deva
 | series    = Monumentele patriei noastre
 | year      = 1965
 | publisher = Editura Meridiane
 | location  = București
 | language  = Romanian
 | pages     = 14
 | quote     = 
))</ref>

The first records regarding a military operation involving the fortress dates from 1273. Under its walls, the [[Cumans]] were defeated by [[Peter I Csák]], [[Palatine of Hungary]] (((lang-la|Magister Petrus de genere Chak))), who was rewarded for his victory by [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]], King of Hungary. In his letter, Ladislaus IV mentioned the facts with the words ''sub castro Dewa contra Cumanorum exercitur viriliter dimicavit'', "fought bravely against the Cumans under the Castle of Deva".<ref name="cetatea-b">((cite book
 | last      = Octavian
 | first     = Floca
 |author2=Ben Bassa
 | title     = Cetatea Deva
 | series    = Monumentele patriei noastre
 | year      = 1965
 | publisher = Editura Meridiane
 | location  = București
 | language  = Romanian
 | pages     = 14
 | quote     = sub castro Dewa contra Cumanorum exercitur viriliter dimicavit
))</ref><ref name="cetatea-bb">((cite book
 | last       = Veszprémy
 | first      = László
 | title      = Chronicles in Charters. Historical Narratives (narrationes) in Charters as Substitutes for Chronicles in Hungary
 | work       = The Medieval Chronicle III
 | date = January 2005
 | url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=hPM8bExWukIC&pg=PA194
 | accessdate = 2008-08-20
 | editor     = Erik Kooper
 | isbn       = 90-420-1875-5
 | pages      = 194
 | publisher = Rodopi
 | quote      = Magister Petrus de genere Chak, 1273, in castrum Feketeholm sub castro Deva viriliter dimicavit, quosdam captivando, quosdam perimendo, triumphalem victoriam reportavit;
))</ref>

At the end of the 13th century, the Deva Fortress was in the property of [[Ladislaus Kán]], [[Voivode of Transylvania]], who organized a court besides the military garrison.<ref name="cetatea-a"/>

The Fortress of Deva is central to the Hungarian folk tale ''[[Kőműves Kelemen|The Wife of Clement, the Mason]].''<ref>((cite journal|last=Jones|first=Henry|title=A Hungarian Folk-Tale|journal=The Academy and Literature|date=1886|volume=30|pages=73))</ref>

== Gallery ==

<gallery>
File:Beffroi i den gamla siebenbürgska borgen Deva, Nordisk familjebok.png|left|Historical sketch depicting the Citadel of Deva from the [[Swedish language|Swedish]]-language [[encyclopedia]] ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]''.
File:A dévai vár nyugat felől.jpg|Late 19th century litography of Deva Citadel by German artist Ludwig Rohbock.
File:Fortress of Deva.jpg|Late 19th century litography of Deva Citadel by German artist Ludwig Rohbock.
File:Deva Citadel Hill (video file).webm|Aerial footage depicting the Fortress of Deva.
File:Deva Citadel 2011 - Seen from Parking Lot.jpg|An inclined lift connects the fortress with the city below.
</gallery>

== References ==
((reflist|2))
((commons category|Deva Citadel))

((Palaces and castles in Romania))
((Castles in Romania))

((coord|45|53|19|N|22|53|50|E|type:landmark_source:kolossus-huwiki|display=title))

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hunedoara County]]
[[Category:Castles in Romania]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hunedoara County]]
[[Category:Historic monuments in Hunedoara County]]
[[Category:Deva, Romania]]

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