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((For|both the father and son of Rosen|Georg Rosen (disambiguation)((!))Georg Rosen))

((more citations needed|date=September 2017))
[[File:Dr Friedrich Rosen 1910.jpg|thumb|Friedrich Rosen, 1910]]

'''Friedrich Rosen''' or '''Fritz Rosen''' ([[Leipzig]], August 30, 1856 – November 27, 1935, [[Beijing]]) was a German [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]], [[diplomat]] and [[politician]]. From May to October 1921 he was the Foreign Minister of Germany.

== Background ==

Friedrich Rosen's grandfather, Friedrich Ballhorn-Rosen, was Chancellor of the [[Principality of Lippe]]; his father, [[Georg Rosen (1821–1891)|Georg Rosen]], an orientalist, published writings on Islam. However, Georg Rosen decided to enter the [[diplomatic service]] of [[Prussia]].  He was active as a [[consul (representative)|consul]] in the [[Middle East]] and the [[Balkans]]. Friedrich's mother Serena Anna, daughter of [[Ignaz Moscheles]], came from a British scholarly family of Jewish faith (who had converted to Christianity).

== Early years ==

In this cosmopolitan atmosphere, Friedrich Rosen was born in 1856 in [[Leipzig]]. However, he grew up in [[Jerusalem]], where his father was consul. Friedrich Rosen enjoyed an education in four languages ([[German (language)|German]], English, [[Arabic (language)|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]). He early decided to study modern and oriental languages, which brought him to [[Berlin]], [[Leipzig]], [[Göttingen]], and [[Paris]]. After graduating, he worked for several months in [[London]] as a tutor for the children of [[Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood]], the [[viceroy of India]].

He retained a basically [[anglophilic]] attitude and a passion for oriental culture all his life. From 1887 onwards, he taught [[Persian (language)|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] at the Department of Oriental Languages of the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität]] in Berlin.

== Diplomatic career ==
[[File:Friedrich Rosen - 1930.png|thumb|Rosen in his office, 1930. ]]
After a dispute with the university department leadership in 1890, he gave up his academic position, and as his father before him he entered a career at the [[Foreign Office (Germany)|Foreign Office]].  He was employed as a representative in [[Beirut]] and [[Tehran]], until 1898 when he was placed in charge of establishing a consulate in [[Baghdad]].

The diplomatic work in the [[Middle East]] was compatible with Rosen's orientalist interests. He was conversant in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], and obtained an intimate knowledge of [[Persian culture]]. In  1890, he published ''Modern Persian Grammar'', with [[Nāsir al-Din Shāh]], the [[Shah]] of [[Iran]], as co-author; parts of the diary of the latter were employed as texts. In 1899, he accompanied the archeologist [[Gertrude Bell]] on her visit to Jerusalem.<ref>Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, KT., M.A. & Litt.D. Cambridge, M.A. & D.Litt. Oxford, D.LiT. Durham, F.S.A. "[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49xB8x1920/1f/by_nile_and_tigris_v2.txt A NARRATIVE OF JOURNEYS IN EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA ON BEHALF OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM BETWEEN THE YEARS 1886 AND 1913] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410012711/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49xB8x1920/1f/by_nile_and_tigris_v2.txt |date=2018-04-10 ))," ''Journal in the Library of the [[University of Georgia]]'' (1920).</ref>

After his travel to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] appointed Rosen as [[List of German consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Eilat#German consuls and consuls general|consul in Jerusalem]]. Only two years later in 1900, he was appointed to the Political Department of Foreign Affairs. Rosen was considered as an expert on the Arab world. Moreover, like his friend [[Wilhelm Solf]], he held liberal views, and simultaneously supported the monarchy and was an anglophile, and thus was considered as the right person for achieving an understanding with [[United Kingdom|Britain]].

From 1904 to 1905, Friedrich Rosen represented the interests of the German Empire in [[Ethiopia]], in what after him was called the ''Rosengesandtschaft'' ("the Rosen Embassy"). Ethiopia hardly had as good relations with any other major power as with Germany. Returning to Europe, Rosen was appointed [[envoy (title)|envoy]] in [[Tangiers]]. From 1910 to 1912, Rosen was envoy in [[Bucharest]], and from 1912 to 1916 in [[Lisbon]]. In 1916, after Germany declared war on [[Portugal]], Rosen returned home.

[[Wilhelm II]] then appointed him as envoy at [[The Hague]]. As a representative of the German government, he helped prepare and visited Wilhelm at [[Huis Doorn]], after the former kaiser went into exile, a visit which the German public noted with mixed feelings.

== Foreign minister ==
In the spring of 1921 the [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|German chancellor]], [[Joseph Wirth]], appointed Rosen [[foreign minister]]. On the issue of [[World War I reparations|war reparations]], the [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]]'s Wirth considered an anglophilic and also [[independent (politician)|independent]] foreign minister to be advantageous.

Rosen retired in protest against the [[World War I reparations#London Schedule of Payments|London ultimatum]], in which the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] powers combined demands of high reparations from Germany with threats of [[International sanctions|sanctions]]. He considered the policy of the victorious powers hypocritical: on the one hand proclaiming [[self-determination]] of all nations, but on the other hand showing no respect to the [[referendum]] in [[Upper Silesia]], where a 60-percent majority had voted in favour of remaining Germany.

Thus, Friedrich Rosen retired in October 1921 from the civil service. Following the same policy, Wirth named [[Walther Rathenau]] as his successor, who was committed to the same principles.

== Orientalist again ==

Rosen became chairman of the [[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft|German Oriental Society]], the umbrella organization of the Orientalists in Germany, and dedicated himself increasingly to scientific work. In this field, his today still well-known translation of the ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|Rubaiyat]]'' of [[Omar Khayyam]] has been published in several editions.

Since the [[Machtergreifung|seizure of power]] by the Nazis, whose ideology Friedrich Rosen opposed from the beginning, the former Foreign Minister was subjected to anti-Semitic hatred, because of his descent. Hence until his death he maintained contact with the [[SeSiSo Club]] of his friend [[Wilhelm Solf]], from which a few years later the resistance group [[Solf Circle]] developed.

As the result of a fracture, Friedrich Rosen died in 1935 during a stay in [[Beijing]], where his son [[Georg Rosen (1895–1961)|Dr. Georg Rosen]] was working at the German embassy. Because of the racist policy of the Nazi regime, the younger Dr. Rosen, who was sending reports to the German Foreign Ministry in Berlin about the [[Nanjing Massacre]], was forced to retire from the diplomatic service in 1938.

== References ==
((Reflist))

== Selected bibliography ==

* 1890, ''Neupersischer Sprachführer'', translated as ''Persian Colloquial Grammar'', review: Carl D. Buck, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (1898); reprint: Modern Persian colloquial grammar : containing a short grammar, dialogues, and extracts from Nasir-Eddin Shah's diaries, tales, etc., and a vocabulary, by Friedrich Rosen and  Nāsir al-Din Shāh, Shah of Iran, New Delhi 2000, ((ISBN|81-206-1378-3)).
* ''Oriental memories of a German Diplomatist''. Methuen & co., London 1930.
* Omar Khayyam: Vierzeiler (Rubāʿīyāt) übersetzt von Friedrich Rosen mit Miniaturen von Hossein Behzad. Epubli, Berlin 2010. ((ISBN|978-3-86931-622-2))  [https://www.epubli.de/shop/showshopelement?pubId=3687 Details].
* Amir Theilhaber: [https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/565360?rskey=ayybtw&result=1 ''Friedrich Rosen: Orientalist scholarship and international politics.''] De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin 2020, ((ISBN|978-3-11-063925-4)).

==External links==
* ((PM20|FID=pe/014964))

((GermanFMs))
((First Wirth cabinet))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Rosen, Friedrich))
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Germany to Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Germany to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Germany to Portugal]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Germany to Morocco]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Germany to Romania]]
[[Category:19th-century German Jews]]
[[Category:Politicians from Leipzig]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Saxony]]
[[Category:Jewish Chinese history]]
[[Category:German expatriates in China]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Germany]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]

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