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((Short description|American historian))
((Use mdy dates|date=June 2021))
((Infobox scientist
| name              = Fritz R. Stern
| image             = STERNFFM.jpg <!--(filename only, i.e. without "File:" prefix)-->
| image_size        =
| alt               = 
| caption           = 
| birth_date        = ((birth date |1926|2|2|mf=y))
| birth_place       = [[Wrocław|Breslau]], [[Lower Silesia Province (Prussia)|Silesia]], [[Weimar Republic]]<br>(now [[Wrocław]], [[Poland]])
| death_date        = ((death date and age |2016|5|18|1926|2|2|mf=y))
| death_place       = [[New York, New York]], U.S.
| nationality       = American
| fields            = [[Historiography]]
| workplaces        = [[Columbia University]]
| alma_mater        = Columbia University
| doctoral_advisor  = <!--(or  | doctoral_advisors = )-->
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = 
| awards            = 
| spouse            = <!--(or | spouses = )--> 
))

'''Fritz Richard Stern''' (February 2, 1926 – May 18, 2016) was a German-born American [[historian]] of [[history of Germany|German history]], [[Jewish history]] and [[historiography]]. He was a University Professor and a provost at New York's [[Columbia University]].  His work focused on the complex relationships between [[Germans]] and [[Jew]]s in the 19th and 20th centuries and on the rise of [[Nazism|National Socialism]] in Germany during the first half of the 20th century.<ref>[[Andreas Daum]], Hartmut Lehmann, [[James J. Sheehan|James Sheehan]] (eds.), ''The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide''. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, ((ISBN|978-1-78238-985-9)), 2, 9, 11, 14, 17, 21, 23, 25, 28‒29, 146‒149, 160‒161, 177‒206, 289‒295, 437‒441 (including a biography, bibliography of works, and comprehensive list of honors and awards).</ref>

==Biography==
Stern was born on February 2, 1926, in [[Breslau]], [[Germany]] (now Wrocław, [[Poland]]), to a locally-prominent medical family of [[Jewish]] heritage.<ref name=apobit>((cite news |url= https://apnews.com/cb55d4f7898a40b2825c876b48bb87e6 | access-date = May 19, 2016 | date = May 18, 2016 | title =Fritz Stern, prominent historian and academic, dead at 90 | work = Associated Press))</ref> His father, Rudolf Stern, was a physician, medical researcher and a veteran of the [[First World War]]. His mother, [[Catherine Stern|Käthe Stern]], was a noted theorist, practitioner and reformer in the field of education for young children. Through family, friends, and colleagues, they were connected with a number of leading scientific and cultural figures in Europe and later in the United States For example, when trying to decide on his career objective while in college, Stern discussed choosing between history and medicine with [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="nytobit">((cite news|last1=Grimes|first1=William|title=Fritz Stern, a Leading Historian on Modern Germany, Dies at 90|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/19/books/fritz-stern-a-leading-historian-on-modern-germany-dies-at-90.html|access-date=May 20, 2016|work=New York Times|date=May 18, 2016))</ref>

The family had converted from [[Judaism]] to [[Lutheranism]] in the late 19th century and shared the increasingly-secular world view that was frequently found among Germany's educated classes.<ref name=apobit/> Stern was baptized shortly after his birth and named after his godfather, another member of Breslau's intellectual élite, the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize winner]] [[Fritz Haber]]<ref name=WhyFritzlautWelt>((cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article155457457/Er-war-der-Schutzengel-der-freien-Welt.html|title= Er war der Schutzengel der freien Welt: Wer wissen will, was westliche Werte sind, muss Fritz Stern lesen. Zeit seines Lebens hat der erzliberale Historiker gegen den Kulturpessimismus angeschrieben. Nun ist er gestorben. Ein Nachruf ... (''He was the guardian angel of the free world: Anyone wishing to know western values must read Fritz Stern. During his lifetime the arch-liberal historian wrote against cultural pessimism. Now he is dead. An obituary ... '')|author=Hannes Stein|newspaper= Die Welt|publisher=[[Die Welt]] (online)|date=May 18, 2016|access-date=May 28, 2016|author-link= Hannes Stein))</ref> (also a Christian convert from Judaism). The Sterns emigrated to the United States in 1938 to escape the virulent anti-Jewish policies of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[National Socialist]] government and the increasing violence against all [[Germans of Jewish ancestry]].<ref name=apobit/>

The family settled in [[Jackson Heights, Queens]], where Stern spent the remainder of his childhood, attended public school and quickly learned English while his parents re-established their respective careers.<ref>Fritz Stern, "Not exile, but a new life", in ''The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians,'' ed. [[Andreas Daum]], Hartmut Lehmann, [[James J. Sheehan|James Sheehan]]. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 79‒81.</ref> He then attended [[Columbia University]], where he received his bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. His professors included [[Lionel Trilling]].<ref>
((cite journal| last = Judt| author-link = Tony Judt| first = Tony | title = Anything But Shy
| journal = [[London Review of Books]]| date = September 20, 2007
| volume = 29| issue = 18| url = http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n18/letters#letter1| access-date = November 8, 2011))</ref>

From 1953 to 1997, he served as a professor at Columbia, obtaining the eminent [[Seth Low]] chair before attaining the rank of University Professor. Stern also briefly served as [[provost (education)|provost]] of the university.<ref name=apobit/>

Beginning in 1954, Stern taught frequently as a guest lecturer at the [[Free University of Berlin|Free University]] in West Berlin.

In 1990, he helped persuade British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] that a reunited Germany firmly anchored in the West would pose no threat to the rest of Europe. In 1993 to 1994, Stern served as an adviser to the US ambassador to Germany, [[Richard Holbrooke]]. In 2010, Stern spoke at the former German military headquarters building, the [[Bendlerblock]], on the 66th anniversary of an [[20 July plot|assassination attempt on Hitler]].<ref>[http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Reden/Protokoll_Inland/20Juli1944/2010/stern.html ''Ansprache von Prof. em. Dr. Fritz Stern, New York/USA''] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815194353/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Reden/Protokoll_Inland/20Juli1944/2010/stern.html |date=August 15, 2012)). In: ''bmi.bund.de.'' Retrieved August 15, 2012.</ref>

Looking back in January 2016, he told an interviewer, "Sometimes I bemoaned the fact that I had to grow up amid the disintegration of a democracy; now, at the end of life, I am having to experience again the struggles of democracy."<ref>((cite news | url=https://www.greenpeace-magazin.de/tickerarchiv/historiker-fritz-stern-wir-stehen-vor-einem-zeitalter-der-angst-interview-johannes |title=Historiker Fritz Stern: "Wir stehen vor einem Zeitalter der Angst" Interview |first= Johannes |last= Schmitt-Tegge |work=[[Greenpeace-Magazin]] |date= January 28, 2016| language= de))</ref>

Stern died on May 18, 2016, in New York, at 90.<ref>((cite news | work = [[Deutsche Welle]] | date = May 18, 2016 | access-date = May 17, 2016 | title = Stern, a star German-American historian, is dead | url = http://www.dw.com/en/fritz-stern-a-star-german-american-historian-is-dead/a-19265953))</ref>

==Scholarship==
((More citations needed|section|date=May 2016))
The focus of much of Stern's work an attempt to track the development of the rise of [[National Socialism]] in [[Germany]] and its characteristics. Stern traced the origins of [[Nazism]] back to the 19th-century [[völkisch movement|''völkische'' movement]]. Stern considered that the virulent anti-Semitic ''völkische'' movement to have been the result of the "politics of cultural despair" experienced by German intellectuals, who were unable to come to grips with modernity. However, Stern rejected the ''[[Sonderweg]]'' interpretation of German history and considered the ideas of the ''völkische'' movement to have been merely a "dark undercurrent" in 19th-century German society.

In the 1990s, Stern was a leading critic of the controversial American author [[Daniel Goldhagen]], whose book ''[[Hitler's Willing Executioners]]'' was denounced by Stern as unscholarly and full of [[Germanophobia]].

Another major area of research for Stern was the history of the Jewish community in Germany and how the Jewish culture influenced German culture and vice versa. In Stern's view, the interaction produced what Stern often called the "Jewish-German symbiosis". In Stern's view, the best example of the "Jewish-German symbiosis" was [[Albert Einstein]].

==Selected works==
===Author===
*''The Politics Of Cultural Despair: A Study In The Rise Of The Germanic Ideology'', Berkeley, University of California Press, 1961, 1963. Adapted from Stern's dissertation; essays on [[Paul de Lagarde]], [[Julius Langbehn]], and [[Arthur Moeller van den Bruck]].
*''The Failure Of Illiberalism: Essays on the Political Culture of Modern Germany'', London, George Allen & Unwin, 1972, ((ISBN|0-04-943019-X)). A collection of essays.
*''Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder, and the Building of the German Empire'', New York: Knopf, 1977, ((ISBN|0-394-49545-4)). A dual biography of banker [[Gerson Bleichröder]] and [[Otto von Bismarck]].
*''Germany 1933: Fifty Years Later'', New York: Leo Baeck Institute, 1984. [[Leo Baeck]] memorial lecture.
*''Dreams and Delusions: The Drama Of German History'', New York: Knopf, 1987, ((ISBN|0-394-55995-9)).  A collection of essays.
*''Einstein's German World'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, ((ISBN|0-691-05939-X)).
*((in lang|de)) ''Friedenspreis des deutschen Buchhandels: Ansprachen aus Anlass der Verleihung'', Frankfurt am Main: Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels e.V. im Verlag der Buchhändler-Vereinigung GmbH, 1999.
* ''Five Germanies I Have Known'', New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006, ((ISBN|0-374-15540-2)). Autobiography.
* [http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/states-war/imperial-hubris-german-tale "Imperial Hubris: A German Tale, War, Wilhelm II, and the consequences of leadership"], ''[[Lapham's Quarterly]]'', Winter 2008.

===Co-author===
*((in lang|de)) with [[Helmut Schmidt]], ''Unser Jahrhundert: Ein Gespräch''. C.H. Beck, München, 2010. A conversation between the historian and the former German chancellor
*with Elizabeth Sifton, ''No Ordinary Men: Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Hans von Dohnanyi, Resisters against Hitler in Church and State'', (New York Review Books Collections: 2013, ((ISBN|978-1-59017-681-8)).

;Editor
*''The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present'', New York: Meridian Books, 1956, 1960, 1972, 1973, ((ISBN|0-394-71962-X)).
*co-edited with [[Leonard Krieger]], ''The Responsibility of Power: Historical Essays In Honor of [[Hajo Holborn]]'', London: Macmillan, 1968, 1967. A survey of historiography from the eighteenth century to the twentieth.

==Honors==
* 1969: Elected member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Fritz Richard Stern |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/fritz-richard-stern |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en))</ref>
* 1984: Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (jointly with [[Hans Jonas]]) of the [[University of Tübingen]]<ref>((cite web| access-date = December 31, 2016 | website= University of Tübingen | url = https://uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/evangelisch-theologische-fakultaet/lucas-preis/preistraeger/bisherige-preistraeger.html | language = de | title= Bisherige Preisträger ))</ref>
* 1988: Elected member of the [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref>((Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Fritz+Stern&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=search.amphilsoc.org))</ref>
* 1994: [[Pour le Merite|Pour le mérite für Wissenschaft und Künste]]
* 1999: [[Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de/445722/ | access-date=May 19, 2016| title=Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels | language=de))</ref>
*1999: [[Humboldt Prize]], [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]]
* 2002: Honorary doctor of the [[University of Wrocław]]
* 2004: [[Leo Baeck Medal]], [[Leo Baeck Institute]]<ref>((cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Don Hanlon|title=The Meaning of Life in the 21st Century: Tensions Among Science, Religion and Experience|date=2008|publisher=Yoko Civilization Research Institute|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bryw3qvptzUC&pg=PA61|access-date=May 20, 2016|isbn=978-0-595-45188-3))</ref>
* 2005: [[:de:Deutscher Nationalpreis|The German National Prize]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nationalstiftung.de/nationalpreis2005.php?h=4&p=9 | access-date=May 19, 2016| title=Deutscher Nationalpreis 2005 | language = de))</ref>
* 2006: [[Bundesverdienstkreuz|Großes Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Stern und Schulterband]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bundespraesident.de/-,2.633282/Laudatio-von-Bundespraesident-.htm |title=Laudati |author=Bundespräsident [[Horst Köhler]] |date=September 28, 2006 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007110745/http://www.bundespraesident.de/-,2.633282/Laudatio-von-Bundespraesident-.htm |archive-date=October 7, 2007  ))</ref>
* 2007: Preis für Verständigung und Toleranz, [[Jewish Museum Berlin]]
*2007: Livetime Achievement Award, [[American Historical Association]]
*2007: [[Jacques Barzun]] Prize for Cultural History, [[American Philosophical Society]]
* 2008: [[:de:Internationaler Brückepreis|Internationaler Brückepreis]]
*2009: [[Marion Dönhoff]] Prize
*2013: Volkmar and Margret Sander Prize

The Fritz Stern Professorship at the [[University of Wrocław]] was established in his honor in 2009. The first person appointed to hold that chair was former German President [[Richard von Weizsäcker]].<ref>((cite web|access-date= May 19, 2016|url= http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,380782,former-german-president-awarded-the-fritz-stern-professorship-of-wroclaw.html|title= Former German President awarded the Fritz Stern Professorship of Wrocław|date= March 23, 2011|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160820112322/http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,380782,former-german-president-awarded-the-fritz-stern-professorship-of-wroclaw.html|archive-date= August 20, 2016|df= mdy-all))</ref>

==Further reading==
* [[Volker Berghahn]], "Fritz Stern (1926‒2016)", in ''Central European History'' 49 (2016), pp.&nbsp;308‒321. 
* [[Andreas Daum]], "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities", in ''The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide'', ed. Andreas Daum, [[Hartmut Lehmann]], and [[James J. Sheehan]], New York: Berghahn Books, 1‒52.

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==External links==
((Commons category))
*[http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/2341/ "A Fundamental History Lesson"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204150632/http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/2341 |date=December 4, 2008 )), ''In These Times'', October 10, 2005, by Fritz Stern

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Stern, Fritz))
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Lower Silesia]]
[[Category:American people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish American historians]]
[[Category:Historians of Germany]]
[[Category:Historians of Nazism]]
[[Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Writers from Wrocław]]
[[Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States]]
[[Category:People from Jackson Heights, Queens]]
[[Category:Academics and writers on far-right politics]]
[[Category:Historians from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]

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