Prince Fulco Ruffo di Calabria
6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda
Born(1884-08-12)12 August 1884
Naples, Kingdom of Italy
Died23 August 1946(1946-08-23) (aged 62)
Marina di Massa, Italy
Spouse
Luisa Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana
​
​
(m. 1919)​
IssueDonna Maria Cristina
Donna Laura
Prince Fabrizio, 7th Duke of Guardia Lombarda
Don Augusto
Donna Giovannella
Don Antonello
Paola, Queen of the Belgians
HouseRuffo di Calabria
FatherFulco Beniamino Tristano Ruffo di Calabria, 5th Duke of Guardia Lombarda
MotherLaura Mosselman du Chenoy

Fulco VIII, Prince Ruffo di Calabria, 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda (12 August 1884 – 23 August 1946) was an Italian World War I flying ace and senator of the Kingdom from 1934 until his death. He was the father of Paola, Queen of the Belgians (born Donna Paola Ruffo di Calabria).

Family history

Ademarus Rufus, who died in 1049, held the title of Comes in southern Italy. Siggerio Ruffo became Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II's grand marshal of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1235. After the 14th century, the family divided into two branches Ruffo di Scaletta and the Ruffo di Calabria, the latter to which Fulco belonged.[1]

Fulco was the son of Fulco VII Beniamino Tristano Ruffo di Calabria, 5th Duke of Guardia Lombarda (1848–1901), and Laura Mosselman du Chenoy, a Belgian aristocrat, whose maternal grandfather was Count Jacques André Coghen, Belgium's second finance minister. Beniamino Ruffo di Calabria was the younger brother of the head of the House of Ruffo, Fulco Ruffo di Calabria-Santapau, 10th Principe di Scilla and 2nd Duca di Santa Cristina.[2]

Fulco was made, by decree of 15 March 1928, Prince Ruffo di Calabria, in the Kingdom of Italy. By inheritance, he was also the 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda and 17th Count of Sinopoli.[1] The family Ruffo di Calabria represents one of the most ancient lineages of Italy and includes Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo. Fulco was related to historically eminent Roman and southern Italian noble families, including the Colonna, Orsini, Pallavicini, Alliata and Rospigliosi.

Early life and prewar military service

Fulco Ruffo di Calabria was born in Naples, Kingdom of Italy on 12 August 1884. He volunteered as a reserve officer training with the 11th Foggia Light Cavalry Regiment on 22 November 1904. On 31 May 1905, he was promoted to Corporal; on 30 November, he was again promoted, to Sergente. On 20 February 1906, he was commissioned into officers' ranks as a Second lieutenant.

Subsequently, he became deputy director of the Belgian Wegimont shipping company's African station. He returned from Africa as World War I broke out.[3]

World War I service

See also: First World War, Aerial victory standards of World War I, and List of World War I aces credited with 20 or more victories
Displayed here is Ruffo di Calabria's SPAD V.II

Ruffo di Calabria returned to military duty before Italy's entry into World War I, and was assigned to the Battaglione Aviatori (which later became the Corpo Aeronautico Militare) on 20 December 1914. After pilot's training, on 28 September 1915, he was posted to the 4a Squadriglia Artiglia, an artillery coordination unit that later morphed into 44a Squadriglia. On 26 January 1916, he moved to 2a Squadriglia (later 42a Squadriglia). He won two Bronze awards of the Medal for Military Valor—in February and April 1916—while still a two-seater pilot with them.[3] His personal emblem was a black skull and crossbones painted on the fuselage of his plane,[4][5] whether it was his original Nieuport 11s, or his later Nieuport 17 and SPAD VII airplanes.[3]

Ruffo di Calabria underwent further training on Nieuports at Cascina Costa in May 1916. On 26 June,[3][note 1] he was assigned to 1a Squadriglia as a fighter pilot. He won his first victory there, shared with Francesco Baracca on 23 August 1916,[6] and had a second one go unconfirmed. His performance was good for a Silver Medal for Military Valor in August, followed by a Bronze in September 1916.[3]

By 16 September, when he shared a victory with Baracca and Luigi Olivari, he was scoring for his new unit, 70a Squadriglia. He ran his score with them to four confirmed and four unconfirmed by 28 February 1917.[3]

In March 1917, he was transferred out of the reserves when he was promoted to Tenente. In May he then switched to flying a Nieuport for 91a Squadriglia.[6] He was awarded both a Silver and a Bronze Medal for Military Valor that same month. His promotion to Capitano came through in August 1917. By that time, his confirmed victories totalled 13. He ended 1917 with his total victories at 16.[3]

Ruffo di Calabria's records for 1918 are incomplete, but credit him with four more victories. On 5 May 1918, he was granted the ultimate Medal of Military Valor, the Gold award. After Baracca's death on 19 June 1918, Fulco assumed command of the renowned "Squadron of Aces". He relinquished command of 91a Squadriglia on 18 September to Ferruccio Ranza, after suffering a nervous breakdown.[7][8] After recovery, he was handed command of 10th Gruppo, on 23 October 1918, but was shot down by artillery fire near Marano on 29 October 1918. In the end, he shot down 20 enemy airplanes in 53 combats,[3] making him the fifth highest scoring Italian flying ace of World War I.[3][9]

Post-World War I

On 1 February 1919, the Bongiovanni commission's military intelligence report verified all 20 of Ruffo di Calabria's confirmed victories, though still denying the five that were unconfirmed.[3][9][10] Di Calabria remained in the military, though without assignment. By 1925, his main activity was the management of his family estates[6] located near Paliano.[3]

In 1934, he was named senator of the kingdom by King Victor Emmanuel III.[1][11] He also continued in the military, eventually rising to the rank of Tenente Colonello in 1942.[6] Ruffo di Calabria served in the Italian senate until 1944.[citation needed]

During World War II, he was a supporter of the Italian fascist leader Mussolini. He was subsequently convicted postwar by an Italian court for complicity in the crimes of fascism, and that ruling was upheld on 10 January 1946 despite his appeal.[11]

Fulco Ruffo di Calabria died in Ronchi di Apuania, Italy on 23 August 1946.[3]

Awards

Italian awards

International awards

Personal life and descendants

On 30 June 1919, he married, in Turin, Luisa Gazelli (1896–1989), daughter of Augusto Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana, and of Maria Cristina dei Conti Rignon. Luisa served as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elena of Italy

They had seven children:[1]

Ancestry

Footnotes

  1. ^ Note: The text of Above the War Fronts gives this as the date he joined 70a Squadriglia; however, the victory list on the same page shows Ruffo di Calabria scoring his wins for 1a Squadriglia, as does Nieuport Aces.

Sources

  1. ^ a b c d e Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XVI. "Ruffo". C.A. Starke Verlag, 2001, pp.522-529. ISBN 3-7980-0824-8.
  2. ^ "Beniamino Tristano Ruffo di Calabria, V duca di Guardia Lombarda".
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory. Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street, 1997. ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5. pp. 158–159.
  4. ^ "SPAD VII dell'asso Fulco Ruffo di Calabria". www.minniti.info.
  5. ^ "Fulco Ruffo di Calabria". www.ruffodicalabria.it. Archived from the original on 2006-05-14. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
  6. ^ a b c d Franks, Norman. Nieuport Aces of World War 1. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-85532-961-1, ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4. pp. 79-80.
  7. ^ Guttman, Jon. SPAD XII/XIII Aces of World War I. Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1841763160, 9781841763163. p. 127.
  8. ^ Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory. Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street, 1997. ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5. pp. 127, 128.
  9. ^ a b Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory. Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street, 1997. ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5. p. 167.
  10. ^ The Aerodrome Forum lists him with 20 confirmed and 6 not confirmed "victory credits"
  11. ^ a b "Scheda senatore RUFFO DI CALABRIA Fulco". notes9.senato.it.

References

External links

Media related to Fulco Ruffo di Calabria at Wikimedia Commons

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