A function pointer, also called a subroutine pointer or procedure pointer, is a pointer referencing executable code, rather than data. Dereferencing the function pointer yields the referenced function, which can be invoked and passed arguments just as in a normal function call. Such an invocation is also known as an "indirect" call, because the function is being invoked indirectly through a variable instead of directly through a fixed identifier or address.
Function pointers allow different code to be executed at runtime. They can also be passed to a function to enable callbacks.
Function pointers are supported by third-generation programming languages (such as PL/I, COBOL, Fortran,[1] dBASE dBL, and C) and object-oriented programming languages (such as C++, C#, and D).[2]
The simplest implementation of a function (or subroutine) pointer is as a variable containing the address of the function within executable memory. Older third-generation languages such as PL/I and COBOL, as well as more modern languages such as Pascal and C generally implement function pointers in this manner.[3]
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See also: § Alternate C and C++ syntax |
The following C program illustrates the use of two function pointers:
#include <stdio.h> /* for printf */
#include <string.h> /* for strchr */
double cm_to_inches(double cm) {
return cm / 2.54;
}
// "strchr" is part of the C string handling (i.e., no need for declaration)
// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_string_handling#Functions
int main(void) {
double (*func1)(double) = cm_to_inches;
char * (*func2)(const char *, int) = strchr;
printf("%f %s", func1(15.0), func2("Wikipedia", 'p'));
/* prints "5.905512 pedia" */
return 0;
}
The next program uses a function pointer to invoke one of two functions (sin or cos) indirectly from another function (compute_sum, computing an approximation of the function's Riemann integration). The program operates by having function main call function compute_sum twice, passing it a pointer to the library function sin the first time, and a pointer to function cos the second time. Function compute_sum in turn invokes one of the two functions indirectly by dereferencing its function pointer argument funcp multiple times, adding together the values that the invoked function returns and returning the resulting sum. The two sums are written to the standard output by main.
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
// Function taking a function pointer as an argument
double compute_sum(double (*funcp)(double), double lo, double hi) {
double sum = 0.0;
// Add values returned by the pointed-to function '*funcp'
int i;
for (i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
// Use the function pointer 'funcp' to invoke the function
double x = i / 100.0 * (hi - lo) + lo;
double y = funcp(x);
sum += y;
}
return sum / 101.0 * (hi - lo);
}
double square(double x) {
return x * x;
}
int main(void) {
double sum;
// Use standard library function 'sin()' as the pointed-to function
sum = compute_sum(sin, 0.0, 1.0);
printf("sum(sin): %g\n", sum);
// Use standard library function 'cos()' as the pointed-to function
sum = compute_sum(cos, 0.0, 1.0);
printf("sum(cos): %g\n", sum);
// Use user-defined function 'square()' as the pointed-to function
sum = compute_sum(square, 0.0, 1.0);
printf("sum(square): %g\n", sum);
return 0;
}
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Main article: Function object |
Functors, or function objects, are similar to function pointers, and can be used in similar ways. A functor is an object of a class type that implements the function-call operator, allowing the object to be used within expressions using the same syntax as a function call. Functors are more powerful than simple function pointers, being able to contain their own data values, and allowing the programmer to emulate closures. They are also used as callback functions if it is necessary to use a member function as a callback function.[4]
Many "pure" object-oriented languages do not support function pointers. Something similar can be implemented in these kinds of languages, though, using references to interfaces that define a single method (member function). CLI languages such as C# and Visual Basic .NET implement type-safe function pointers with delegates.
In other languages that support first-class functions, functions are regarded as data, and can be passed, returned, and created dynamically directly by other functions, eliminating the need for function pointers.
Extensively using function pointers to call functions may produce a slow-down for the code on modern processors, because a branch predictor may not be able to figure out where to branch to (it depends on the value of the function pointer at run time) although this effect can be overstated as it is often amply compensated for by significantly reduced non-indexed table lookups.
C++ includes support for object-oriented programming, so classes can have methods (usually referred to as member functions). Non-static member functions (instance methods) have an implicit parameter (the this pointer) which is the pointer to the object it is operating on, so the type of the object must be included as part of the type of the function pointer. The method is then used on an object of that class by using one of the "pointer-to-member" operators: .* or ->* (for an object or a pointer to object, respectively).[dubious ]
Although function pointers in C and C++ can be implemented as simple addresses, so that typically sizeof(Fx)==sizeof(void *), member pointers in C++ are sometimes implemented as "fat pointers", typically two or three times the size of a simple function pointer, in order to deal with virtual methods and virtual inheritance[citation needed].
In C++, in addition to the method used in C, it is also possible to use the C++ standard library class template std::function, of which the instances are function objects:
#include <iostream>
#include <functional>
using namespace std;
static double derivative(const function<double(double)> &f, double x0, double eps) {
double eps2 = eps / 2;
double lo = x0 - eps2;
double hi = x0 + eps2;
return (f(hi) - f(lo)) / eps;
}
static double f(double x) {
return x * x;
}
int main() {
double x = 1;
cout << "d/dx(x ^ 2) [@ x = " << x << "] = " << derivative(f, x, 1e-5) << endl;
return 0;
}
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See also: § Alternate C and C++ syntax |
This is how C++ uses function pointers when dealing with member functions of classes or structs. These are invoked using an object pointer or a this call. They are type safe in that you can only call members of that class (or derivatives) using a pointer of that type. This example also demonstrates the use of a typedef for the pointer to member function added for simplicity. Function pointers to static member functions are done in the traditional 'C' style because there is no object pointer for this call required.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Foo {
public:
int add(int i, int j) {
return i+j;
}
int mult(int i, int j) {
return i*j;
}
static int negate(int i) {
return -i;
}
};
int bar1(int i, int j, Foo* pFoo, int(Foo::*pfn)(int,int)) {
return (pFoo->*pfn)(i,j);
}
typedef int(Foo::*Foo_pfn)(int,int);
int bar2(int i, int j, Foo* pFoo, Foo_pfn pfn) {
return (pFoo->*pfn)(i,j);
}
typedef auto(*PFN)(int) -> int;
// C++ only, same as: typedef int(*PFN)(int);
int bar3(int i, PFN pfn) {
return pfn(i);
}
int main() {
Foo foo;
cout << "Foo::add(2,4) = " << bar1(2,4, &foo, &Foo::add) << endl;
cout << "Foo::mult(3,5) = " << bar2(3,5, &foo, &Foo::mult) << endl;
cout << "Foo::negate(6) = " << bar3(6, &Foo::negate) << endl;
return 0;
}
The C and C++ syntax given above is the canonical one used in all the textbooks - but it's difficult to read and explain. Even the above typedef examples use this syntax. However, every C and C++ compiler supports a more clear and concise mechanism to declare function pointers: use typedef, but don't store the pointer as part of the definition. Note that the only way this kind of typedef can actually be used is with a pointer - but that highlights the pointer-ness of it.
// This declares 'F', a function that accepts a 'char' and returns an 'int'. Definition is elsewhere.
int F(char c);
// This defines 'Fn', a type of function that accepts a 'char' and returns an 'int'.
typedef int Fn(char c);
// This defines 'fn', a variable of type pointer-to-'Fn', and assigns the address of 'F' to it.
Fn *fn = &F; // Note '&' not required - but it highlights what is being done.
// This calls 'F' using 'fn', assigning the result to the variable 'a'
int a = fn('A');
// This defines 'Call', a function that accepts a pointer-to-'Fn', calls it, and returns the result
int Call(Fn *fn, char c) {
return fn(c);
} // Call(fn, c)
// This calls function 'Call', passing in 'F' and assigning the result to 'call'
int call = Call(&F, 'A'); // Again, '&' is not required
// LEGACY: Note that to maintain existing code bases, the above definition style can still be used first;
// then the original type can be defined in terms of it using the new style.
// This defines 'PFn', a type of pointer-to-type-Fn.
typedef Fn *PFn;
// 'PFn' can be used wherever 'Fn *' can
PFn pfn = F;
int CallP(PFn fn, char c);
These examples use the above definitions. In particular, note that the above definition for Fn can be used in pointer-to-member-function definitions:
// This defines 'C', a class with similar static and member functions,
// and then creates an instance called 'c'
class C {
public:
static int Static(char c);
int Member(char c);
} c; // C
// This defines 'p', a pointer to 'C' and assigns the address of 'c' to it
C *p = &c;
// This assigns a pointer-to-'Static' to 'fn'.
// Since there is no 'this', 'Fn' is the correct type; and 'fn' can be used as above.
fn = &C::Static;
// This defines 'm', a pointer-to-member-of-'C' with type 'Fn',
// and assigns the address of 'C::Member' to it.
// You can read it right-to-left like all pointers:
// "'m' is a pointer to member of class 'C' of type 'Fn'"
Fn C::*m = &C::Member;
// This uses 'm' to call 'Member' in 'c', assigning the result to 'cA'
int cA = (c.*m)('A');
// This uses 'm' to call 'Member' in 'p', assigning the result to 'pA'
int pA = (p->*m)('A');
// This defines 'Ref', a function that accepts a reference-to-'C',
// a pointer-to-member-of-'C' of type 'Fn', and a 'char',
// calls the function and returns the result
int Ref(C &r, Fn C::*m, char c) {
return (r.*m)(c);
} // Ref(r, m, c)
// This defines 'Ptr', a function that accepts a pointer-to-'C',
// a pointer-to-member-of-'C' of type 'Fn', and a 'char',
// calls the function and returns the result
int Ptr(C *p, Fn C::*m, char c) {
return (p->*m)(c);
} // Ptr(p, m, c)
// LEGACY: Note that to maintain existing code bases, the above definition style can still be used first;
// then the original type can be defined in terms of it using the new style.
// This defines 'FnC', a type of pointer-to-member-of-class-'C' of type 'Fn'
typedef Fn C::*FnC;
// 'FnC' can be used wherever 'Fn C::*' can
FnC fnC = &C::Member;
int RefP(C &p, FnC m, char c);