The boats of Fuzhou Tanka on an inner river in Fuzhou, circa late 19th to early 20th century.
There are several different views on the origin of Fuzhou Tanka. The mainstream theory believes that Fuzhou Tanka are descendants of the Baiyue of ancient times.[1] As a branch of the Tanka people, Fuzhou Tanka has been in South China for more than 2000 years.[2] Their Fuzhounese name "Kuóh-dà̤" (曲蹄) is a derogatory term used by the Fuzhou people on land, which can be literally translated into "bowlegged" and might come from the bow shape of their legs caused by longtime living in the low cabins of their boats.[3][4]
The Amoy University anthropologist Ling Hui-hsiang wrote on his theory of the Fujian Tanka being descendants of the Baiyue. He claimed that Guangdong and Fujian Tanka are definitely descended from the old Baiyue ('Pai Yueh') peoples and that they may have been ancestors of the Malay race.[5]
Language
Fuzhou Tanka now speak the Fuzhou dialect, which is widely used by the majority Fuzhou people in this region. Mandarin has also been brought to many of them through national compulsory education. However, they had their own language in history, but gradually abandoned it.
Traditionally, Fuzhou Tanka people lived on boats in most of their lives. They were severely discriminated by land-living Fuzhounese residents. Their life depended on fishing and ferrying, and most of them remained poor and uneducated. Fuzhou Tanka people had a rich tradition of folk music, especially call and response. They also had different views on chastity and remarriage from the land-living Han Chinese. Pre-marital sex and remarriage were not restricted in their society. Due to the discriminatory policy imposed by the land-living Han majority, Fuzhou Tanka were forced to dress themselves in a humble way to show their inferiority to the land residents.[4]
By the second half of the 19th century, many Tanka people had already been converted to Roman Catholicism. Some of these Catholic Tanka consequently moved onto land under the protection of the Catholic Church.
In the Republican era, the ethnic egalitarianism was guaranteed by law. Since the 1950s, the city officials began to resettle Fuzhou Tanka to land dwellings. As a result, many Fuzhou Tanka villages were built along the Min River and the coast. Nowadays, most Fuzhou Tanka people have abandoned their traditional waterborne lives and intermarriage is common. Their traditions, such as Fuzhou Tanka folk music, are under threat as well.[1][7][8]
Discrimination against Fuzhou Tanka
Tanka land dwellings built in the mid-20th century in Luoyuan County, Fuzhou, China.
Before acceptance, the Fuzhou Tanka were generally treated by land Chinese residents as mean and inferior. They were not allowed to dwell on land, receive education, wear silk clothes or work in government or army. In some areas, they were even forbidden to walk on land; otherwise, they would be faced with death threats.
Since the 18th century, several attempts had been made to lift the discrimination against Tanka people, but it was only in the People's Republic of China era that all the discriminatory policies were completely eliminated.[4][7] Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the 'gypsies of the sea' were not allowed to go ashore or marry the people living along the beach.[citation needed]
Religion
Before the 19th century, many Fuzhou Tanka practiced Taoism, worshiping Mazu, Linshui and other gods and goddesses. In the late 19th century, many Fuzhou Tanka people were converted to Roman Catholicism. Received, protected and assisted by the Roman Catholic Church in Fuzhou through Protectorate of missions, some of them were able to build simple land dwellings.
The Fuzhou Tanka have different surnames than the Tanka of Guangdong.[10]
Qing records indicate that "Weng, Ou, Chi, Pu, Jiang, and Hai" (翁, 歐, 池, 浦, 江) were surnames of the Fuzhou Tanka.[11]
Qing records also stated that Tanka surnames in Guangdong consisted of "Mai, Pu, Wu, Su, and He" (麥, 濮, 吴, 蘇, 何); alternatively, some people claimed Gu and Zeng (顧, 曾) as Tanka surnames.[12]
^Murray A. Rubinstein (2007). Murray A. Rubinstein (ed.). Taiwan: a new history (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 34. ISBN978-0-7656-1494-0. "which modern people are the Pai Yueh"..,...So is it possible that there is a relationship between the Pai Yueh and the Malay race?...Today in riverine estuaries of Fukien and Kwangtung are another Yueh people, the Tanka ("boatpeople"). Might some of them have left the Yueh tribes and set out on the seas? (1936: 117)
^Fan Zhengyi, Researching into the Belief of Boatmen in Fujian in Modern Time, Journal of Putian University, 2005 12(6) (in Chinese)
^Anders Hansson (1996). Chinese outcasts: discrimination and emancipation in late imperial China. Vol. 37 of Sinica Leidensia. BRILL. p. 117. ISBN90-04-10596-4. Unless a change of surnames occurred for some unknown reason, or unless the ' water names' are not the real names of the Fujian boat people, it would seem that the Dan people lacked Chinese-style surnames at the time the Fujian branch
^Anders Hansson (1996). Chinese outcasts: discrimination and emancipation in late imperial China. Vol. 37 of Sinica Leidensia. BRILL. p. 116. ISBN90-04-10596-4. In a late Qing dynasty work which has a section on boat people that mainly refers to those in Fujian, common surnames are said to be Weng 翁 ('old fisherman'), Ou 歐, Chi 池 (pond), Pu 浦 (river bank), Jiang 江 (river) and Hai 海 (sea). None of those surnames is a very common one in China and a few are very rare.
^Anders Hansson (1996). Chinese outcasts: discrimination and emancipation in late imperial China. Vol. 37 of Sinica Leidensia. BRILL. p. 116. ISBN90-04-10596-4. Some of them list the five names Mai 麥, Pu 濮, Wu 吴, Su 蘇 and He 何 The Huizhou prefectural gazetteer even states that there are no other boat people surnames, while others also add Gu 顧 and Zeng 曾 to make seven
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