Gaon (Hebrew: גאון, gā'ōn, lit. 'genius', plural geonim, גְּאוֹנִים‎, gĕ'ōnīm) may have originated as a shortened version of "Rosh Yeshivat Ge'on Ya'akov", although there are alternative explanations.^[1][2] In Ancient Hebrew, it referred to arrogance and haughty pride (Amos 6:8 – "I abhor the pride of Jacob and detest his fortresses; I will deliver up the city and everything in it.") and later became known as a general term for pride, both the positive and negative forms ('Pride [of]'; Late Medieval and Modern Hebrew for 'genius'). Today, it may refer to:

One of the Geonim during the period 589–1040. Prominent Geonim include:

• Yehudai Gaon (Gaon 757–761)
• Sar Shalom Ben Boaz (Gaon 838–848)
• Natronai ben Hilai, Gaon of Sura (Gaon to 857)
• Amram Gaon, Gaon of Sura (Gaon 857–875)
• Saadia Gaon (882/892 – 942)
• Zemah ben Hayyim (Gaon 889–895)
• Sherira Gaon (906–1006)
• Samuel ben Hofni (died 1034)
• Hai Gaon (939–1038)

A honorific title given to a few leading rabbis of other countries in the same period, such as:

• Achai Gaon (?-753-?)
• Nissim Gaon (990–1062)

Specific rabbis of later periods, called "gaon":

• The Vilna Gaon (1720–1797)
• The Rogatchover Gaon (1858–1936)
• The Steipler Gaon (1899–1985)

Many great rabbis,^[3] although not formally referred to as the "Gaon of ..." are often lauded with this honorific as both a mark of respect and a means to indicate their greatness in the field of Torah learning, for example, one may refer to Rabbi Ovadia Yosef as "HaGaon Rabbi Ovadia Yosef".^{[citation needed]}