Giuseppe Garibaldi (center), the Italian patriot and his wife, Anita (right), wore red, Garibaldi shirts, a type of military blouse, which transitioned, into early 1860s, unisex, civilian fashion, in Europe and the United States.
Giuseppe Garibaldi's soldiers, wearing the distinctive, red, uniform, Garibaldi shirt, during the 1860 "Expedition of the Thousand", in Sicily
Living historians portraying the Garibaldi Guard
In 1860, the Empress Eugénie de Montijo, of France, introduced the Garibaldi blouse, as popular women's fashion. Woman in white, Garibaldi blouse, photograph, circa 1860-1865.
Garibaldi shirt and cap exhibited in the Siena town hall

A Garibaldi shirt (also called "Garibaldi jacket" or "Camicia rossa") was a woman's fashion, a red wool shirt named after the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi first popularized in 1860. It was the direct ancestor of the modern women's blouse.[notes 1][1][2][3]

Garibaldi's Redshirts

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807 - 1882) was an Italian folk hero, a nationalist in favor of Italian independence from Austrian domination. Garibaldi's "total sincerity and honesty, and exceptional physical courage gave him the kind of personal magnetism which made women of all classes love him, and men of all classes follow him in circumstances of acute danger."[notes 2] During the Expedition of the Thousand campaign in 1860, his volunteer followers were known as "Redshirts" (Camicie Rosse in Italian) for their uniforms (or rather shirts, as they could not afford full uniforms), and it is these who inspired the fashion.

The Garibaldi shirt

According to a brief history of the shirt waist written in 1902, the fashion for the Garibaldi shirt was initiated by Empress Eugénie of France.[notes 3] Its first mention is in 1860, and clothing historian says of it: "The Garibaldi jacket, of scarlet cashmere with military trimmings of gold braid, was hailed as 'the gem of the season'."[notes 4] It was extremely popular during the first half of the 1860s. Versions in white and lighter fabrics also appeared,[notes 5] and children frequently wore it.[notes 6]

Camicia rossa

"Camicia rossa" or red shirt is a type of clothing. The century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 74 explains that "One...relic is none other than a veritable camicia rossa, or red shirt, worn by Garibaldi at [a] siege".[4] A Cultural History of the Modern Age: The Crisis of the European Soul says that "For a considerable time Garibaldi was the most famous man in Europe, and the red shirt, la camicia rossa, became the fashion for ladies, even outside Italy"[5]

Italians during the American Civil War

During the American Civil War, the Garibaldi Guard, composed of European immigrants, from New York City, served in the Union Army, wearing the red, Garibaldi shirts, as a part of their battle dress uniforms.

Their Confederate counterpart, the mainly Italian Garibaldi Legion, were also known for wearing red Garibaldi shirts and cocked hats with plumes in the Italian national colors as a part of their uniforms.

Late and post-Victorian women's fashion

The Garibaldi shirt was popularized in 1860 and the baggy, bloused style was worn exclusively by women and remained popular for some years, eventually turning into the Victorian shirt waist modern woman's blouse.[6]

The baggy, bloused style, of the Garibaldi shirt, heavily influenced the Late and post-Victorian fashions , as seen in a 1906 advertisement, in The Modern Priscilla, a needlework magazine, showing 16 different designs for shirtwaists, with details, about patterns and materials.
The baggy, bloused style, of the Garibaldi shirt, heavily influenced the Late and post-Victorian fashions , as seen in a 1906 advertisement, in The Modern Priscilla, a needlework magazine, showing 16 different designs for shirtwaists, with details, about patterns and materials.

Notes

  1. ^ Young, p. 355
  2. ^ Hearder, p. 188
  3. ^ Young, p. 357
  4. ^ Cunnington, p. 208
  5. ^ Buck, p. 32
  6. ^ Buck, p. 213

See also

References

  1. ^ Buck, Anne, Victorian Costume and Costume Accessories, revised second edition, Ruth Bean Publishers, Carlton, Bedford UK 1984 ISBN 0-903585-17-0
  2. ^ Cunnington, C. Willett, English Women's Clothing in the Nineteenth Century, Dover Publications, Inc. New York 1990 ISBN 0-486-26323-1
  3. ^ Young, Julia Ditto, "The Rise of the Shirt Waist", Good Housekeeping, May 1902, pp. 354-357
  4. ^ Holland, Josiah Gilbert; Gilder, Richard Watson (1907). The century illustrated monthly magazine , Volume 74. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  5. ^ Egon Friedell & Allan Janik (2010). A Cultural History of the Modern Age: The Crisis of the European Soul. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412843799. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  6. ^ Young, Julia Ditto, "The Rise of the Shirt Waist", Good Housekeeping, May 1902, pp. 354-357
Categories