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((Short description|Balloon containing gases which are lighter than air))
((See also|Balloon (aeronautics)))
((more citations needed|date=September 2015))
[[Image:Early flight 02562u (3).jpg|thumb|right|200px|The first launch of a gas balloon by [[Jacques Charles]] and [[Robert brothers|Les Frères Robert]], 27 August 1783, at the [[Champ de Mars]], Paris. Illustration from the late 19th century.]]
A '''gas balloon''' is a [[balloon]] that rises and floats in the air because it is filled with a gas [[lighter than air]] (such as [[helium]] or [[hydrogen]]). When not in flight, it is tethered to prevent it from flying away and is sealed at the bottom to prevent the escape of gas. A gas balloon may also be called a ''[[Robert brothers#First manned hydrogen balloon flight|Charlière]]'' for its inventor, the Frenchman [[Jacques Charles]]. Today, familiar gas balloons include large [[blimp]]s and small latex party balloons. For nearly 200 years, well into the 20th century, [[Balloon (aeronautics)|manned balloon flight]] utilized gas balloons before hot-air balloons became dominant. Without power, heat or fuel, untethered flights of gas balloons depended on the skill of the pilot. Gas balloons have greater lift for a given volume, so they do not need to be so large, and they can stay up for much longer than hot air balloons.

==History==
((More citations needed section|date=September 2015))
((main|History of ballooning))
[[File:1900 Olympic Ballooning - Pelouse p 252 of Report on Exposition Universelle.png|thumb|250 px|[[1900 Olympics]] ballooning event at Le Parc d'aerostation, Paris<ref name="report">((cite book|title=Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900 a Paris. Concours Internationaux D'Exercices Physiques et de Sports. Rapports Publies Sous La Direction de M. D. Merillon.|author=Ministere du Commerce de L'Industrie des Postes et des Telegraphes|location = Paris|date=1902|publisher=Imprimerie Nationale|pages=178, 250–275))</ref>]]
The [[Robert brothers#First hydrogen balloon|first gas balloon]] made its flight in August 1783. Designed by professor [[Jacques Charles]] and [[Les Frères Robert]], it carried no passengers or cargo. On 1 December 1783, their second hydrogen-filled balloon made a manned flight piloted by Jacques Charles and [[Nicolas-Louis Robert]]. This occurred ten days after the first manned flight in a [[Montgolfier]] [[hot air balloon]].<ref name=FAI/><ref name=Sci&Soc/><ref name=EcceF/>

The next project of Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers was ''[[Robert brothers#Further ballooning activities - La Caroline|La Caroline]]'', an elongated steerable craft that followed [[Jean Baptiste Meusnier]]'s proposals for a dirigible balloon, incorporating internal [[ballonnet]]s (air cells), a rudder and a method of propulsion.((citation needed|date=December 2017)) On September 19, 1784 the brothers and M. Collin-Hullin flew for 6 hours 40 minutes, covering 186&nbsp;km from Paris to [[Beuvry]] near [[Béthune]]. This was the first flight over 100&nbsp;km.<ref name=FAI/>

Gas balloons remained popular throughout the age before powered flight. Filled with hydrogen or [[coal gas]], they were able to fly higher, further and more economically than hot-air balloons. The altitude was controlled with ballast weights that were dropped if the balloon got too low; in order to land some lifting gas was vented through a valve. Tethered manned gas balloons were used for observation purposes in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] (to very limited extent), in the [[American Civil War]] (flown by [[Thaddeus Lowe]]) and in [[World War I]] by aviators wearing parachutes. Throughout the 19th century, they were popular as objects of public fascination among hobbyists and show performers, such as the [[Jean-Pierre Blanchard|Blanchards]].((citation needed|date=September 2015))

Throughout the mid 20th century, spherical free gas balloons were used by the [[United States Navy]] to train [[airship]] crews.<ref>((cite book |last1=Swanborough |first1=Gordon |last2=Bowers |first2=Peter M. |date=1976 |title=United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 |edition=2nd  |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-968-5|page=505))</ref>

Gas ballooning has been popular in Europe, most notably in Germany, using hydrogen as a lifting gas. Gas balloon clubs exist throughout the country. Rough estimates show 150 active gas pilots in Europe. In contrast, gas ballooning in the USA might have at most 30 active pilots who typically fly only once a year at the [[Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta]] in October.((citation needed|date=September 2015))

''[[Aerophile]]'' is the world's largest lighter-than-air carrier, flying 300,000 passengers every year through its eight tethered gas balloon operations in Walt Disney World, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Smoky Mountains & Irvine in the US and Paris, Disneyland Paris and Parc du Petit Prince in France.((citation needed|date=September 2015))

==Records==
On October 24, 2014, [[Alan Eustace]], a former [[Google]] executive, made a jump from the stratosphere, breaking [[Felix Baumgartner]]'s 2012 [[Red Bull Stratos|world record]]. The launch-point for his jump was from an abandoned runway in [[Roswell, New Mexico]], where he began his balloon-powered ascent early that morning. He reached a reported maximum altitude of 135,908 feet (41.425&nbsp;km; 25.7402&nbsp;mi), but the final number submitted to the [[World Air Sports Federation]] was 135,889.108 feet (41.419000&nbsp;km; 25.7365735&nbsp;mi).  The balloon used for the feat was manufactured by the Balloon Facility of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Hyderabad, India. Eustace in his pressure suit hung tethered under the balloon, without the kind of capsule used by Felix Baumgartner. Eustace started his fall by using an explosive device to separate from the helium balloon.

The previous altitude record for a manned balloon flight was set at 39.045 kilometers on October 14, 2012 by [[Felix Baumgartner]] breaking a record of 34.7 kilometers on May 4, 1961 by [[Malcolm Ross (balloonist)|Malcolm Ross]] and [[Victor Prather]] in a balloon launched from the deck of the ((USS|Antietam|CV-36|6)) in the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>Nicholas Piantanida, while attempting to set a new skydiving jump record, is claimed to have reached 123,800 feet (37.73&nbsp;km) on February 2, 1966. Piantanida was unable to disconnect his breathing apparatus from the gondola, so the ground crew jettisoned the balloon at the flight ceiling. The flight did not set a flight record because he descended without the balloon. See excerpts from Craig Ryan's description of Piantanida's flight and harrowing descent: ((cite web| url = http://www.gasballooning.net/The%20QinetQ%20Flight.htm| title = QinetQ Flight| access-date = 2009-12-29| author = Tim Baggett))</ref>

The altitude record for an unmanned balloon is 53.7 kilometers. It was reached by a stratospheric balloon manufactured by [[JAXA]] with a volume of 80,000 m'''³,''' launched in September 2013 from in [[Hokkaido]], Japan.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160322234357/http://stratocat.com.ar/news0913e.htm] This is the greatest height ever obtained by an atmospheric vehicle. Only [[rocket]]s, [[rocket plane]]s, and [[ballistics|ballistic]] projectiles have flown higher.

In 2015, pilots Leonid Tiukhtyaev and Troy Bradley arrived safely in [[Baja California]], Mexico, after a journey of 10,711&nbsp;km. The two men, originally from Russia and the United States of America respectively, started in Japan and flew with a helium balloon over the Pacific. In 160 hours and 34 minutes, the balloon, named "[[Two Eagles Balloon|Two Eagles]]", arrived in Mexico, setting the longest distance and duration records for gas balloons.<ref>((cite web|author=Greg Botelho |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/31/world/transpacific-balloon-flight/ |title=Research on Balloons to Float Over 50km Altitude |date=31 January 2015 |publisher=CNN |access-date=2015-02-02))</ref>

== On other planets==
((See also|Vega program#Balloon))
The [[Soviet Union]] [[space probe]]s [[Vega 1]] and [[Vega 2]] each dropped a helium balloon with scientific experiments into the [[atmosphere of Venus]] in 1985. The balloons first [[Atmospheric entry|entered the atmosphere]] and descended to about 50&nbsp;km, then inflated for level flight. Otherwise the flight was uncontrolled. Each balloon relayed wind and atmospheric conditions for 46 hours of a possible 60-hour [[electric battery]] power budget.<ref>((cite journal |author=Preston |display-authors=etal |year=1986 |title=Determination of Venus Winds by Ground-Based Radio Tracking of the VEGA Balloons |journal=Science |volume=231 |issue=4744 |pages=1414–1416 |doi=10.1126/science.231.4744.1414 |pmid=17748082 |bibcode = 1986Sci...231.1414P |s2cid=29444555 ))<!-- orig ref specified pg. 1416 --></ref>

==See also==
*[[Toy balloon]]
*[[Weather balloon]]
*[[Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning|Gordon Bennett Cup]] – famous long-distance gas balloon race
*[[Tethered helium balloon]]
*[[Double Eagle II]] – first manned balloon to cross the Atlantic Ocean
*[[Lawnchair Larry flight]] – used a lawn chair and 45 helium-filled weather balloons to rise to ((convert|16000|ft|m|-2))
*[[Sky anchor]]
*''[[Five Weeks in a Balloon]]'' by [[Jules Verne]]

==References==
((Reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="EcceF">[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781841620688/page/36 <!-- quote="jacques charles" "Eccentric France". --> Eccentric France: Bradt Guide to mad, magical and marvellous France By Piers Letcher - Jacques Charles]</ref>

<ref name="FAI">[http://www.fai.org/ballooning/newsletter/pr00-02.htm Federation Aeronautique Internationale, Ballooning Commission, Hall of Fame, Robert Brothers.] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222023/http://www.fai.org/ballooning/newsletter/pr00-02.htm |date=May 16, 2008 ))</ref>

<ref name="Sci&Soc">[http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10447673 Science and Society, Medal commemorating Charles and Robert's balloon ascent, Paris, 1783.]</ref>

))

==External links==
*[http://www.ballon.org/ Gasballoon Launch field Gladbeck] World modern Gasballoon Launch field in Germany
*[http://www.gasballooning.org/ Albuquerque Gas Ballooning Association] Hosts of the America's Challenge Gas Balloon Race
*[http://www.gasballooning.net Gas Ballooning.net] - current information on the state of sport gas ballooning by gas balloon pilot Brian Critelli from Texas, USA.
*[http://www.gasballon.be/uk/ Gas Ballon.be] - Belgian site with good gas balloon competition information
*[http://stratocat.com.ar/indexe.html Stratocat] - Historical recompilation project on the use of stratospheric balloons in the scientific research, the military field and the aerospace activity

((Authority control))

[[Category:Balloons (aeronautics)]]
[[Category:1783 introductions]]
[[Category:French inventions]]

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