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((Short description|Set of all genes in a population))
((For|the guitarist named Gene Pool|Greg Flesch))
((More citations needed|date=January 2008))

The '''gene pool''' is the set of all [[gene]]s, or [[genetic information]], in any [[population]], usually of a particular [[species]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/gene-pool|title = Gene pool &#124; genetics &#124; Britannica))</ref>

== Description ==
A large gene pool indicates extensive [[genetic diversity]], which is associated with robust populations that can survive bouts of intense [[Selection (biology)|selection]]. Meanwhile, low [[genetic diversity]] (see [[inbreeding]] and [[population bottleneck]]s) can cause reduced [[fitness (biology)|biological fitness]] and an increased chance of [[extinction]], although as explained by [[genetic drift]] new genetic variants, that may cause an increase in the [[Physical fitness|fitness]] of organisms, are more likely to fix in the population if it is rather small.

When all individuals in a population are identical with regard to a particular [[phenotypic]] trait, the population is said to be 'monomorphic'. When the individuals show several variants of a particular trait they are said to be [[polymorphism (biology)|polymorphic]].

== History ==
The Russian geneticist [[Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky]] first formulated the concept in the 1920s as ''genofond'' (gene fund), a word that was imported to the United States from the Soviet Union by [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]], who translated it into English as "gene pool."<ref name="LonelyIdeas">((cite book |last=Graham |first=Loren |date=2013 |title=Lonely Ideas: Can Russia Compete? |publisher=MIT Press |page=169 |isbn=978-0-262-01979-8))</ref>

== Gene pool concept in crop breeding ==
Harlan and de Wet (1971) proposed classifying each crop and its related species by gene pools rather than by formal taxonomy.<ref name= "Harlan&DeWet1971">((cite journal|author1=Harlan, J.R. |author2=Wet, J.M.J.d. |year=1971|title=Toward a Rational Classification of Cultivated Plants|journal=Taxon|volume=20|issue=4|pages=509–517|jstor=1218252|doi=10.2307/1218252))</ref>
#Primary gene pool (GP-1): Members of this gene pool are probably in the same "[[species]]" (in conventional biological usage) and can intermate freely. Harlan and de Wet wrote, "Among forms of this gene pool, crossing is easy; [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are generally fertile with good chromosome pairing; gene segregation is approximately normal and [[Horizontal gene transfer|gene transfer]] is generally easy.".<ref name= "Harlan&DeWet1971" /> They also advised subdividing each crop gene pool in two:
#*Subspecies A: Cultivated races
#*Subspecies B: Spontaneous races (wild or weedy)
#Secondary gene pool (GP-2): Members of this pool are probably normally classified as different species than the crop species under consideration (the primary gene pool). However, these species are closely related and can cross and produce at least some fertile hybrids. As would be expected by members of different species, there are some reproductive barriers between members of the primary and secondary gene pools:
#*hybrids may be weak
#*hybrids may be partially sterile
#*[[chromosomes]] may pair poorly or not at all
#*recovery of desired [[phenotype]]s may be difficult in subsequent generations
#*However, "The gene pool is available to be utilized, however, if the plant breeder or geneticist is willing to put out the effort required."<ref name= "Harlan&DeWet1971" />
#Tertiary gene pool (GP-3): Members of this gene pool are more distantly related to the members of the primary gene pool. The primary and tertiary gene pools can be intermated, but [[gene]] transfer between them is impossible without the use of "rather extreme or radical measures" <ref name= "Harlan&DeWet1971" /> such as:
#*embryo rescue (or embryo culture, a form of plant [[organ culture]])
#*induced [[polyploidy]] (chromosome doubling)
#*bridging crosses (e.g., with members of the secondary gene pool).

== Gene pool centres ==
Gene pool centres refers to areas on the earth where important crop plants and domestic animals originated. They have an extraordinary range of the wild counterparts of cultivated plant species and useful tropical plants.
Gene pool centres also contain different sub tropical and temperate region species.

== See also ==
((Portal|Evolutionary biology))
*[[Biodiversity]]
*[[Conservation biology]]
*[[Founder effect]]
*[[Gene flow]]
*[[Genetic drift]]
*[[Small population size]]
*[[Australian Grains Genebank]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Gene Pool))
[[Category:Ecology]]
[[Category:Conservation biology]]
[[Category:Selection]]
[[Category:Genetics concepts]]
[[Category:Classical genetics]]
[[Category:Population genetics]]
[[Category:Evolutionary biology]]
[[Category:Biorepositories]]

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