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((Short description|French humanist and engraver (c. 1480–c. 1533)))
((About||British diplomat|Geofroy Tory))
((more citations needed|date=June 2007))
((Use dmy dates|date=June 2020))
[[File:Geoffroy Tory Letter A 1529.png|thumb|Initial letter A from Tory's book ''Champ-fleury'', 1529]]
'''Geoffroy Tory''' (also Geofroy, [[Latin]] "Godofredus Torinus") was born in [[Bourges]] around 1480 and died in [[Paris]] before 14 October 1533. He was a French [[humanism|humanist]] and an [[engraver]], best known for adding accents on letters in French. His life's work has heavily influenced French publishing to this day.

==Life==
Geoffroy Tory was born in Bourges in 1480, a decade after the first printing press arrived in Paris. He attended the local university, where he developed an interest in Latin literature. After completing his studies, Tory left Bourges for Italy, where he studied at two additional universities: first, the [[Sapienza]] at Rome, and then Bologna, where he studied under [[Philip Beroaldus]], a well-known Latinist.<ref name=tory>((cite journal|last=Ivans|first=William M. Jr.|title=Geoffroy Tory|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|date=April 1920|volume=15|issue=4|pages=79–86|doi=10.2307/3253359|jstor=3253359))</ref> The exact date of Tory's death is unknown, however, it is said in a lease that in 1533 his wife was a widow.<ref>The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1920, page 86</ref>

==Career==
Around 1505, Tory left for Paris after completing his studies in Italy.  He worked there as a bookbinder, editor of texts, and corrector for the press, serving such clients as [[Jean Grolier de Servières]].<ref>((cite web|title=Geoffrey Tory (1480-1533)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/data/indiv/rare/type-exhibit/3geom/tory.htm|publisher=Columbia University))</ref>

The first book Tory is known to have worked on is the ''Pomponius Mela'', in 1508. This work helped him to develop a rather large reputation, despite his youth. In 1509 he became one of the youngest professors to teach at the [[Collège du Plessis]].<ref>((cite book|title=Geoffroy Tory Summary|url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/geoffroy-tory-scit-0312345/))</ref> While Tory taught, he continued to work on his passion of bookbinding and editing.

Tory was known to be an extremely hard worker, often taking on large workloads. Sometime around 1511, he became a professor at Collège de Coqueret, and soon after at the Collège de Bourgogne, which at the time was a principal unit of the University of Paris. His lectures were said to draw large audiences.<ref>((cite web|title=Exhibition: Geoffroy Tory - the official printer to King François 1er |url=http://www.bnf.fr/en/cultural_events/anx_exhibitions/f.geoffroy_tory_eng.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232149/http://www.bnf.fr/en/cultural_events/anx_exhibitions/f.geoffroy_tory_eng.html |archivedate=11 June 2011))</ref>

Tory's interest in this period turned to the arts, especially painting and engraving. Several years after joining the Collège de Bourgogne, he resigned his post and moved to Italy so as to better study Italian art. Beyond his passing references to his travels in ''Champ Fleury,'' there is not much known of Tory at this time.  He returned to Paris in 1518 and began regularly producing woodcuts, for which he gained a reputation among Parisian editors.  It was during this same period that Tory took up selling books himself.<ref>((cite web|last=Bernard|first=Auguste|title=Geoffroy Tory, peintre et graveur, premier imprimeur royal, réformateur de l'orthographe et de la typographie sous François Ier (2e édition, entièrement refondue)|url=http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-5819926&M=notice|publisher=E. Toss|accessdate=9 February 2014))</ref>

In 1514 Tory married Pierrette Le Hullin, the widow of a friend of his, fathering a daughter named Agnès. Tory doted on Agnès, teaching her Latin and about his life's work.<ref>((cite book |last1=Jimenes |first1=Rémi |title=Geoffroy Tory de Bourges : humanisme et arts du livre à la Renaissance |date=2019 |publisher=Bibliothèques de Bourges |pages=158 |language=FR))</ref> Unfortunately, Agnès died from unknown reasons when she was nine, and Tory was long depressed over the death of his beloved daughter. When Tory published for the first time, his printer's mark was the urn that he kept Agnès' ashes in. In the months following her death, Tory wrote several pieces of poetry, claiming how lucky he was to have had such a daughter, and how her life influenced him. At the time, it was not uncommon for children to die at a young age, so it was unusual for Tory to have taken her death as hard as he did. It is said that her death influenced the creativity in his later works.

In 1524 he discovered ''[[Book of hours|The Book of Hours]]'', and in 1525 Geoffroy published a copy, which became famous because he introduced there a type design that was free of the idea of printing which duplicated handwriting. This work also initiated the idea of book designing as an art in France.<ref name=hours>((cite journal|last=Maddocks|first=Hilary|title=Geofroy Tory's 1531 Book of Hours|journal=La Trobe Journal|url=http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/latrobejournal/issue/latrobe-79/t1-g-t5.html|date=Autumn 2007|issue=79))</ref>

In 1529 Tory published his own book, ''Champfleury'', one of the most important and influential works of the time. It set a standard for French publishing that in many ways is still followed today. In the introduction to ''Champfleury'', Tory is quoted as saying that there are three different kinds of men who corrupt the French language; the "skimmers of Latin", the "jokers", and the "slangers".<ref>((Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3253359|jstor = 3253359|title = Geoffroy Tory|last1 = Ivins|first1 = William M.|journal = The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|year = 1920|volume = 15|issue = 4|pages = 79–86|doi = 10.2307/3253359))</ref>

Gradually, he managed to acquire French texts to put into print, at a time when that was only done for Latin texts. For that purpose, he introduced the [[apostrophe]], the [[acute accent]] and [[grave accent]], and the [[cedilla]].<ref>((cite book |last1=Henry |first1=Freeman G. |title=Language, Culture, and Hegemony in Modern France. 1539 to the Millennium |date=2008 |publisher=Summa Publications |isbn=978-1-883479-59-6 |pages=280 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7K74y_VykIC&printsec=frontcover |access-date=13 February 2024))</ref> He wanted to reform French spelling to reflect its Latin roots.

In 1530 Tory became the official printer to King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]],<ref>Le Petit Robert des Noms Propres</ref> and in 1532 he was made a librarian at the [[University of Paris]].

==Works==

===''Champfleury''===
''Champfleury'' was written by Tory and published in 1529. It is divided into three books, and is concerned with the proper use of the French language, dealing with topics ranging from the elegance of the alphabet to the proper use of grammar. It was subtitled "The Art and Science of the Proportion of the Attic or Ancient Roman Letters, According to the Human Body and Face".<ref name=Octavo>((cite web|title=Geofroy Torey: Champ Fleury|url=http://www.octavo.com/editions/trychf/|publisher=Octavo|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131004008/http://www.octavo.com/editions/trychf/|archive-date=31 January 2013|url-status=dead))</ref>  ''Champfleury'' was not as stylized as ''The Book of Hours'', but it gives great insight into the mind of Tory, his pedantic attitude and his meticulous devotion to the French Language.<ref>The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1920, page 84</ref>
Tory used a square grid to describe the shape of letters, which eerily predicts the use of pixelation in modern-day typefaces. Although "Champfleury" roughly translates to "flowery fields", it is also a French idiom for "paradise".<ref name=Octavo/>

===''The Book of Hours''===
''The Book of Hours'' ([[French language|French]] ''Livre d'heures''), Tory's most famous work was completed in 1525. It is printed in a light Roman typeface. There are 17 known copies of the 1531 ''Book of Hours'', which is the year that Tory published it. It contained sixteen full-page borders and thirteen large woodcuts. This version is the most famous to this day for breaking all the traditions of the time. The illustrations in the book are not perfect, as Tory did them all himself, and despite a passion for art, he did not have the talent of a master artist. ''The Book of Hours'' success led to Tory's being granted specific privileges by King François I to publish his own works.<ref name=hours/>

===Other works===
*''L'Adolescence clémentine et Briesve doctrine pour deuement escripre'', 1533
*''Tres utile et compendieulx traicte de lart et science dorthographie gallicane'', 1529

==References==
((reflist))

==Secondary works==
* Auguste Bernard. ''Geofroy Tory, peintre et graveur, premier imprimeur royal, réformateur de l'orthographie et de la typographie sous François Ier... Deuxième édition''. Paris : Tross, 1865.
** [https://books.google.com/books?id=cjgLAAAAQAAJ See the first edition from 1857 here]
* Claude Mediavilla. ''Histoire de la calligraphie française''. Paris : 2006; pp.&nbsp;134–136

== External links ==
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rosenwald.0994.1 ''Champ Flevry''] From the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] at the [[Library of Congress]]
<!-- old link, now dead[http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF37251845.htm gallica.fr] --> 
* [[Clément Marot]], ''L'adolescence clémentine'' (1532) par maistre Geofroy Tory, imprimeur du Roy [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF30888579.htm gallica.fr] (sans [[diacritic|accent]] ni [[apostrophe]])
* [[Clément Marot]], ''L'adolescence clémentine'' (1539) imprimé en Anuers, par Guiliaume du Mont. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF37246746.htm gallica.fr] (contient accents et apostrophe)
* Clément Marot, ''La suite de l'Adolescence Clémentine'' (1534) published by Pierre Roffet [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8624632c Gallica] – with accents and apostrophes
* Geoffroy Tory, ''Champ Fleury'' (1529): typographical details in high resolution on  [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bookhistorian/sets/72157623279770884/ Flickr.com]
* Geoffroy Tory, ''Champ Fleury'' (1529). Online digitized copies from: ''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50961p.r=.langEN Bibliothèque nationale de France]'', [https://archive.org/details/fre_b1888652 University of Ottawa] (microform facsimile), [https://archive.org/details/champfleuryauque00tory Getty Research Institute]. 
*((OL author|1789631A))

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((DEFAULTSORT:Tory, Geoffroy))
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Paris]]
[[Category:French printers]]
[[Category:French Renaissance humanists]]
[[Category:1480s births]]
[[Category:1533 deaths]]
[[Category:Bookbinders]]
[[Category:French male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:16th-century French writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Bourges]]
[[Category:Artists from Bourges]]

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