New Jersey is a state within the United States of America that lies on the north eastern edge of the North American continent. It shares a land border with the state of New York along the north, ratified by both states after the New York – New Jersey Line War, which is its only straight line border. New Jersey is slightly larger than the country of Israel.

The Atlantic Ocean is east of the state, and many of the state's famed beaches are located along Atlantic County, Cape May County, and Ocean County. New Jersey is separated from New York by the Hudson River, which separates it from the boroughs of The Bronx and Manhattan. The Kill van Kull and Arthur Kill tidal straits separate the state from State Island. Liberty Island is an exclave of the State of New York in New Jersey waters in Upper New York Bay. Ellis Island, also in the Upper Bay, and Shooter's Island, in Newark Bay, each have sections belonging to either of the two states. ^[1] Though Liberty Island, Shooters Island and Ellis Island all geographically belong to New Jersey, it is a part of New York due to symbolism, tourism and economic reasons.

On its west, New Jersey is flanked by the Delaware River that forms its border with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Delaware Bay which separates New Jersey from the State of Delaware. However, due to a fluke in a colonial land grant for the city of New Castle, Delaware (called The Twelve-Mile Circle), there is a small amount of Delaware territory in contiguous New Jersey, west of Pennsville Township. Finns Point, piers at Penns Grove, New Jersey and Pennsville, and Artificial Island, the tip of a small peninsula^[2] at Lower Alloways Creek are connected to Salem County. A coal pier in Logan Township also extends into the river. New Jersey's natural regions were formed by glaciers.

Area

Of the 50 states that together compose the United States of America, the state of New Jersey is ranked the 47th largest state in the country. The total area of the state is 8,729 square miles (22,610 km²), of which 14.9% or 1,304 square miles (3,380 km²) is water, and 85.1%, or 7,425 square miles (19,230 km²), is land. New Jersey spans 70 miles (110 km) at its widest, and 166 miles (267 km) in length. Much of the state's population live within 50 miles of New York City or Philadelphia due to the size and shape of the state.

Although the state has a small size, New Jersey, which ranks eleventh in the nation in terms of population with 8,791,894 people, is the most densely populated state in the United States, with 1,189 inhabitants per square mile (459/km²). However, while this may offer the impression that New Jersey is entirely urban or suburban, it is not. Large swaths of South Jersey are occupied by the Pinelands National Reserve, which is over 1.1 million acres in size, located in Atlantic County, Burlington County, and Ocean County. Northwestern and southern New Jersey are also extremely rural due to the mountainous and hilly of the Ridge and Valley region. For example, Walpack Township in Sussex County has a population of 7 and an area of 26 square miles (67 km²), and Washington Township in Burlington County has a population of under 700 while occupying 104.81 square miles (271.46 km^2)

Political and cultural geography

The State of New Jersey is divided into 21 counties, which combined, contain a total of 566 municipalities. New Jersey municipalities have a strong tradition of independent home rule. Rural municipalities tend to lean more conservative, while suburban and urban municipalities lean more liberal, similar to the national trend. ^[3]

New Jersey is commonly divided into the cultural regions of North Jersey, Central Jersey and South Jersey. Many residents debate about whether Central Jersey actually exists or not, but this debate was resolved by Governor Phil Murphy's signing of a law that declared Central Jersey to be made up of Middlesex, Union, Mercer, Somerset, and Hunterdon counties.

North Jersey is comprises Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Passaic, Morris, Sussex, and Warren Counties, while Central Jersey is made up of Middlesex, Union, Mercer, Somerset, and Hunterdon Counties. South Jersey is composed of Camden, Burlington, Gloucester, Cumberland, and Salem Counties. The Jersey Shore is typically associated with Ocean, Monmouth, Atlantic, and Cape May Counties.^[4]

The New Jersey State Department of Tourism distinguishes six distinct tourist regions: the Gateway, Greater Atlantic City (consisting of all of Atlantic County), the Southern Shore Region, the Delaware River Region, the Shore Region and the Skylands Region.^[5]

Climate

The climate of New Jersey classification of the U.S. state of New Jersey is humid subtropical in South Jersey with a humid continental climate in North Jersey, particularly in the northwestern area of the state. The northwest part of New Jersey is the snowiest due to the higher elevations that earn it a Dfb classification. During the winters, New Jersey can experience Nor'easters, which are snowstorms that affect the Northeastern United States, and Atlantic Canada. However, many would-be snow events in the state end up turning to rain due to warm ocean air being brought in by the storm. ^[6] New Jersey's climate is shaped by its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean which provides moisture and moderates temperatures.^[7] According to climatology research by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New Jersey has been the fastest-warming state by average air temperature over a 100-year period beginning in the early 20th century,^[8] related to global warming.

Features

Rivers

New Jersey rivers includes streams formally designated as rivers. There are also smaller streams (i.e., branches, creeks, drains, forks, licks, runs, etc.) in the state. Major rivers include the Manasquan, Maurice, Mullica, Passaic, Rahway, Raritan, Musconetcong, and Delaware rivers. Historically, the Delaware and Raritan rivers have provided transportation of goods and people inland from the Atlantic Ocean, and were once connected by the Delaware and Raritan Canal. Today, these rivers, and the streams that feed them, provide sport and recreation for many people.

Barrier islands

A series of barrier islands run the length of the Jersey Shore. They include Long Beach Island and Absecon Island.^[9] Many are popular tourist destinations.

Geology

Around 250 million years ago, during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, the area that is today New Jersey bordered northern Africa as part of the supercontinent of Pangea. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 200 million years ago, Pangea began to break apart, separating the North American continent from the African continent. Around 18,000 years ago, the most recent ice age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.^[10]

Physiographic Provinces

New Jersey is a region with a high variety of geographical features in a small area. The area can be broken into five regions, corresponding roughly to geological zones. These regions from north to south are the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Highlands, Newark Basin Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain, and the Outer Coastal Plain.

Appalachian Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province

The Appalachian Valley and Ridge lies in the northwestern corner of the state and includes the Kittatinny Mountains, several smaller valleys and the popular Delaware Water Gap. The state's highest point, the aptly named High Point is within this area, at 1,803 feet (550 m). Most of the state's section of the Appalachian Trail runs through this area. The province is bounded on the southeast by an unconformity between Cambrian and Precambrian formations.

Highlands Physiographic Province

The Highlands Physiographic Province is a geological formation composed primarily of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rock running from the Delaware River near Musconetcong Mountain, northeast through the Skylands Region of New Jersey along the Bearfort Ridge and the Ramapo Mountains. Numerous abandoned mines dot the region, dating from the 18th and 19th centuries when iron, copper, zinc and other minerals were extracted from the formations. The glaciated northern half of the province has an abundance of lakes and reservoirs which serve as water supplies for the urban areas to the east. The region's watershed is protected by the Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act.

Newark Basin Piedmont

The Newark Basin is a region in northern New Jersey defined by the boundaries of a sediment-filled rift basin. This basin was formed when the supercontinent Pangaea began to split approximately 220 million years ago, causing several large depressions to form due to extension, which then filled with sediment. The basin itself extends from Rockland County in the southern tip of New York to south-eastern Pennsylvania. It lies within the broader region known as the Piedmont, a crescent-shaped area characterized by smooth topography and large volumes of sediments. Like the Piedmont, the Newark Basin has gentle topography consisting of red bed clastic sediments with occasional igneous rock formations, such as the Palisades Sill and the Watchung basalt flows; these igneous features are responsible for the dramatic elevation changes observed in the region, such as The Palisades and the Watchung Mountains, respectively. The boundaries of the Newark Basin, as well as major highways, are shown on the map at left......

For the geological history of the region, see Newark Basin.

Inner Coastal Plain

The Inner Coastal Plain province consists of lowlands and rolling hills underlain by Cretaceous deposits. Surficial geology in this region contains a number of fossils. The Monmouth County Park system, for example, includes a number of creeks where students and enthusiasts can gain real field exposure to cretaceous geology and paleontology. (Always check with the park service staff regarding permissibility before entering any field site.) The region's northwest border lies along the Piedmont Fall Line. Fertile, loamy soil makes the land ideal for agriculture and is responsible for New Jersey's nickname of the "Garden State". Its deposits of Greensand marl containing potash were used since colonial days by farmers to fertilize their fields.

Outer Coastal Plain

The outer coastal plain consists of unconsolidated Tertiary deposits of sands, silt, and gravels. The soils are sandy with less clay than the inner coastal plain, and are more acidic and dry. The lack of fertility makes much of the region unsuitable for agriculture and large areas remain undeveloped. The sandy Pine Barrens, an area that is agriculturally poor but species rich, occupy the center of the province. Blueberries and cranberries have been cultivated in lowland bogs that have accumulated depths of organic matter.

Along the coast, sandy beaches attract a recreation industry, and the offshore barrier islands are popular vacation destinations.

Natural environment

New Jersey's natural environment preserves a range of habitats ranging from the Atlantic shore to the Appalachian Mountains.^[11] The sandy uplands of South Jersey are home to the Atlantic coastal pine barrens. Surrounding the Pine Barrens, along the coast and covering the Inner Coastal Plain and Piedmont, are the Northeastern coastal forests. The Highlands consist of Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests which grade into Allegheny Highlands forests in the far northeast.^[12]