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((short description|British naval officer (1718–1792)))
((Redirect|George Rodney|other similarly named people|George Rodney (disambiguation)))
((EngvarB|date=June 2017))
((Use dmy dates|date=January 2022))
((Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name          = The Lord Rodney
| honorific_suffix = ((post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KB))
| birth_date    = [[baptism|bap.]] 13 February 1718
| death_date    = ((death date and age|df=yes|1792|5|24|1718|2|13))
| image         = Admiral of the White by Thomas Gainsborough.jpg
| image_size    = 250px
| caption       = Admiral Rodney after the [[Battle of the Saintes]], 1782, by [[Thomas Gainsborough]]. Behind is the French [[fleur de lys]] naval ensign from the captured [[French ship Ville de Paris (1764)|''Ville De Paris'']]
| birth_place   = [[Walton-on-Thames]], Surrey, England
| death_place   = [[Hanover Square, London|Hanover Square]], London, England
| placeofburial = [[Old Alresford]]
| nickname      = 
| allegiance    = ((Flag|Kingdom of Great Britain))
| serviceyears  = 1732–1792
| rank          = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
| branch        = ((navy|Kingdom of Great Britain))
| commands      = [[Greenwich Hospital, London|Greenwich Hospital]]<br>[[Jamaica Station (Royal Navy)|Jamaica Station]]<br>[[Leeward Islands Station]]
| unit          = 
| battles       = ((Tree list))
* '''[[War of the Austrian Succession]]'''
** [[Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)]]
* '''[[Seven Years' War]]'''
** [[Raid on Rochefort]]
** [[Raid on Le Havre]]
** [[British Blockade of France (1756–1762)]]
** [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]]
** [[British expedition against Martinique (1762)]]
** [[British expedition against Grenada (1762)]]
** [[British expedition against St Lucia (1762)]]
** [[Battle of Havana (1762)|British expedition against Cuba (1762)]]
* '''[[American War of Independence]]'''
** [[Action of 8 January 1780|Cape Finisterre (1780)]]
** [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]]
** [[Great Siege of Gibraltar|Relief of Gibraltar]]
** [[Battle of Martinique (1780)]]
** [[Invasion of Tobago|French invasion of Tobago]]
** [[Battle of the Saintes]]
* '''[[Fourth Anglo–Dutch War]]'''
** [[Capture of Sint Eustatius (1781)]]
((Tree list/end))
| awards        = [[Knight of the Order of the Bath]]
| relations     = 
))

[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney''', [[Order of the Bath|KB]] ([[baptism|bap.]] 13 February 1718 – 24 May 1792), was a [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] naval officer.  He is best known for his commands in the [[American War of Independence]], particularly his victory over the French at the [[Battle of the Saintes]] in 1782. It is often claimed that he was the commander to have pioneered the tactic of [[Naval tactics in the Age of Sail#Developments during the American War of Independence|breaking the line]].

Rodney came from a distinguished but poor background, and went to sea at the age of fourteen. His first major action was the [[Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)|Second Battle of Cape Finisterre]] in 1747. He made a large amount of [[Prize (law)|prize]] money during the 1740s, allowing him to purchase a large [[country estate]] and a seat in the [[House of Commons of Great Britain]]. During the [[Seven Years' War]], Rodney was involved in a number of amphibious operations such as the raids on [[Raid on Rochefort|Rochefort]] and [[Raid on Le Havre|Le Havre]] and the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|Siege of Louisbourg]]. He became well known for his role in the [[British expedition against Martinique (1762)|capture of Martinique]] in 1762. Following the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Peace of Paris]], Rodney's financial situation stagnated. He spent large sums of money pursuing his political ambitions. By 1774 he had run up large debts and was forced to flee Britain to avoid his creditors. He was in a French jail when [[Anglo-French War (1778–83)|war was declared]] in 1778. Thanks to a French benefactor, Rodney was able to secure his release and return to Britain where he was appointed to a new command.

Rodney successfully relieved Gibraltar during the [[Great Siege of Gibraltar|Great Siege]] and defeated a Spanish fleet during the 1780 [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]], known as the "Moonlight Battle" because it took place at night. He then was posted to the [[Jamaica Station (Royal Navy)|Jamaica Station]], where he became involved in the controversial 1781 [[capture of Sint Eustatius]]. Later that year he briefly returned home suffering from ill health. During his absence the British lost the crucial [[Battle of the Chesapeake]] leading to the [[Siege of Yorktown|surrender at Yorktown]].

To some, Rodney was a controversial figure, accused of an obsession with prize money. This was brought to a head in the wake of his taking of Saint Eustatius, for which he was heavily criticised in Britain. Orders for his recall had been sent when Rodney won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782, ending the French threat to [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]]. 

Rodney accompanied the future King [[William IV]] on his visit (April 1783) to Cuba.  There the prince conferred with Captain General [[Luis de Unzaga]] to reach the preliminaries of peace conditions that would later recognize the birth of the [[United States of America]].<ref>Cazorla, Frank, Baena, Rose, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019) The governor Louis de Unzaga (1717-1793) Pioneer in the birth of the United States of America and in Liberalism. Foundation. Malaga. pages 108–116</ref> On his return to Britain, Rodney was made a [[Peerage|peer]] and was awarded an annual pension of £2,000. He lived in retirement until his death in 1792.

== Early life ==
George Brydges Rodney was born either in [[Walton-on-Thames]]<ref>Stewart, p. 249.</ref> or in London, though the family seat was [[Rodney Stoke]], Somerset. He was most likely born sometime in January 1718.<ref>Hannay, p. 5.</ref> He was baptised in [[St Giles-in-the-Fields]] on 13 February 1718.<ref name=trew13>Trew, p. 13.</ref> He was the third of four surviving children of [[Henry Rodney]] and Mary (Newton) Rodney, daughter of [[Henry Newton (diplomat)|Sir Henry Newton]].<ref>Burke, John [https://books.google.com/books?id=MPoGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA125 "The Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Females, Vol. 1"], p. 125.</ref> His father had served in Spain under the [[Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough|Earl of Peterborough]] during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], and on leaving the army served as captain in a marine corps which was disbanded in 1713.<ref name=EB1911>((EB1911 |wstitle=Rodney, George Brydges Rodney, Baron |volume=23 |pages=447–448 |inline=1))</ref> A major investment in the [[South Sea Company]] ruined Henry Rodney and impoverished the family.<ref name=trew13/> In spite of their lack of money, the family was well-connected by marriage. It is sometimes claimed that Henry Rodney had served as commander of the [[Royal Yacht]] of [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] and it was after him that George was named,<ref>Hannay, pp. 3–4.</ref> but this had been discounted more recently.<ref name=trew13/>

George was educated at [[Harrow School]], and left as one of the last [[King's letter boys]]<ref name="Fraser64">((Harvnb|Fraser|2009|p=64))</ref> to join the [[Royal Navy]], having been appointed, by warrant dated 21 June 1732, a junior officer on board ((HMS|Sunderland|1724|2)).<ref name=EB1911/>

==Early career==
After serving aboard ''Sunderland'', Rodney switched to ''Dreadnought'' where he served from 1734 to 1737 under Captain [[Henry Medley]] who acted as a mentor to him. Around this time he spent eighteen months stationed in [[Lisbon]], a city he would later return to several times. He then changed ships several times, taking part in the navy's annual trip to protect the British fishing fleet off [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] in 1738.<ref name=trew14>Trew, p. 14.</ref>

He rose swiftly through the ranks of the navy helped by a combination of his own talents and the patronage of the [[James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos|Duke of Chandos]].<ref name=trew14/>
While serving on the [[Mediterranean Fleet|Mediterranean station]] he was made lieutenant in ((HMS|Dolphin|1731|2)), his promotion dating 15 February 1739.<ref name=EB1911/> He then served on ''Namur'', the [[flagship]] of the Commander-in-Chief Sir [[Thomas Mathews]].

===Captain===
The [[War of the Austrian Succession]] had broken out by this point, and in August 1742, Rodney had his first taste of action when he was ordered by Matthews to take a smaller vessel and launch a raid on [[Ventimiglia, Italy|Ventimiglia]], where the Spanish army had stockpiled supplies and stores ready for a planned invasion of Britain's ally the [[Republic of Genoa]], which he successfully accomplished.<ref name=trew15>Trew, p. 15.</ref> Shortly after this, he attained the rank of [[post-captain]], having been appointed by Matthews to ((HMS|Plymouth|1708|2)) on 9 November. He picked up several British [[cargo ship|merchantmen]] in Lisbon to escort them home, but lost contact with them in heavy storms. Once he reached Britain his promotion was confirmed, making him one of the youngest Captains in the navy.<ref name=trew15/>

After serving in home waters learning about convoy protection he was appointed to the newly built ''Ludlow Castle'' which he used to [[blockade]] the Scottish coast during the [[Jacobite Rebellion (1745)|Jacobite Rebellion]] in 1745. Two of Rodney's midshipman aboard ''Ludlow Castle'' were [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Samuel Hood]], later to become a distinguished sailor, and Rodney's younger brother James Rodney.<ref>Trew, pp. 15–16.</ref> In 1746 he obtained command of the 60-gun ((HMS|Eagle|1745|2)). After some time spent blockading French-occupied [[Ostend]] and cruising around the [[Western Approaches]], where on 24 May he took his first prize a 16-gun Spanish [[privateer]], ''Eagle'' was sent to join the [[Western Squadron]].

===Battle of Cape Finisterre===
((Main|Second Battle of Cape Finisterre|Western Squadron))
[[File:Bataille du cap Finistere octobre 1747.jpeg|thumb|left|The [[Second Battle of Cape Finisterre]] in October 1747.]]

The Western Squadron was a new strategy by Britain's naval planners to operate a more effective blockade system of France by stationing the Home Fleet in the Western Approaches, where they could guard both the [[English channel]] and the French Atlantic coast.

''Eagle'' continued to take prizes while stationed with the Squadron being involved directly, or indirectly, in the capture of sixteen enemy ships. After taking one of the captured prizes to [[Kinsale]] in Ireland, ''Eagle'' was not present at the [[First Battle of Cape Finisterre]] when the Western Squadron commanded by [[Lord Anson]] won a significant victory over the French. While returning from Ireland, ''Eagle'' fell in with a small squadron under Commodore [[Thomas Fox (sailor)|Thomas Fox]] which sighted a French merchant convoy heading for the [[Bay of Biscay]]. In total around 48 merchantmen were taken by the squadron, although Rodney ignored an order of Fox by pursuing several ships which had broken away from the rest in an attempt to escape managing to capture six of them.<ref>Trew, pp. 16–18.</ref> Afterwards ''Eagle'' rejoined the Western Squadron now under the command of [[Edward Hawke]].

On 14 October 1747 the ship took part in the [[Second Battle of Cape Finisterre]], a victory off [[Ushant]] over the French fleet. The French were trying to escort an outgoing convoy from France to the West Indies and had eight large [[ships-of-the-line]] while the British had fourteen smaller ships. Rodney was at the rear of the British line, and ''Eagle'' was one of the last British ships to come into action engaging the French shortly after noon. Initially ''Eagle'' was engaged with two French ships, but one moved away. Rodney engaged the 70-gun ''Neptune'' for two hours until his steering wheel was struck by a lucky shot, and his ship became unmanageable. Rodney later complained that Thomas Fox in ''Kent'' had failed to support him, and testified at Fox's [[court martial]]. The British took six of the eight French ships, but were unable to prevent most of the merchant convoy escaping, although much of it was later taken in the West Indies.

The two Battles of Cape Finisterre had proved a vindication of the Western Squadron strategy.<ref>Rodger, p. 253.</ref> Rodney later often referred to "the good old discipline" of the Western Squadron, using it as an example for his own views on discipline.<ref>Trew, p. 11.</ref> For the remainder of the war Rodney took part in further cruises, and took several more prizes. Following the [[Congress of Breda]], an agreement was signed at the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] ending the war. Rodney took his ship back to [[Plymouth]] where it was [[Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] on 13 August 1748. Rodney's total share of [[prize money]] during his time with ''Eagle'' was £15,000 giving him financial security for the first time in his life.<ref>Trew, p. 21.</ref>

==Commander==
On 9 May 1749 he was appointed governor and [[Commander-in-Chief (Royal Navy)|commander-in-chief]] of [[Colony of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], with the rank of [[Commodore (RN)|Commodore]], it being usual at that time to appoint a naval officer, chiefly on account of the fishery interests.<ref name=EB1911/> He was given command of ((HMS|Rainbow|1747|2)) and had two smaller ships under his overall command. It was extremely difficult for naval officers to secure commands in peacetime, and Rodney's appointment suggests that he was well regarded by his superiors. Rodney's role as Governor was rather limited. Each summer a large British fishing fleet sailed for Newfoundland, where it took part in the valuable [[cod]] trade. The fleet then returned home during the winter. Rodney oversaw three such trips to Newfoundland between 1749 and 1751.

Around this time Rodney began to harbour political ambitions and gained the support of the powerful [[John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford|Duke of Bedford]] and [[Lord Sandwich]]. He stood unsuccessfully in a 1750 by-election in [[Launceston (UK Parliament constituency)|Launceston]]. He was elected MP for [[Saltash (UK Parliament constituency)|Saltash]], a safe seat controlled by the Admiralty, in 1751.<ref>Trew, p. 22.</ref><ref>((cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Sedgwick |editor-first=Romney|editor-link=Romney Sedgwick|author-link=Eveline Cruickshanks |last=Cruickshanks|first=Eveline|encyclopedia=[[The History of Parliament]]: the House of Commons 1715–1754|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/rodney-george-brydges-1719-92 |year=1970 |title=Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)|isbn=9780118800983|publisher=HMSO|location=London))</ref> After his third and final trip to Newfoundland in the summer of 1751, Rodney sailed home via Spain and Portugal, escorting some merchantmen. Once home he fell ill, and was then unemployed for around ten months. During this time he oversaw the development of an estate at [[Old Alresford House|Old Alresford]] in Hampshire, which he had bought with the proceeds of his prize money.

In 1753 he married his first wife, Jane Compton (1730–1757), sister of [[Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton]]. He had initially been undecided whether to marry Jane or her younger sister Kitty whom he had met in Lisbon during his various visits to the city, where their father [[Charles Compton (MP)|Charles Compton]] was consul. The marriage proved happy, and they had three children together before she died in January 1757.<ref>Trew, p. 23.</ref> From 1753 Rodney commanded a series of Portsmouth guard ships without actually having to go to sea before the onset of the [[Seven Years' War]].

==Seven Years' War==
((further|Great Britain in the Seven Years War))
[[File:George Bridges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney by Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Rodney by [[Joshua Reynolds]] showing him after his appointment as a rear admiral in 1759.]]

The first fighting broke out in North America in 1754, with competing [[French and Indian War|British and French forces clashing]] in the [[Ohio Country]]. Despite this fighting formal war wasn't declared in Europe until 1756 and opened with [[Siege of Minorca|a French attack on Minorca]], the loss of which was blamed on [[Admiral John Byng]] who was court-martialled and executed. He was shot on the quarterdeck of ((HMS|Monarch|1747|2)), which until recently had been commanded by Rodney. Rodney excused himself from serving on the court martial by pleading illness. While Rodney disapproved of Byng's conduct, he thought the death sentence excessive and unsuccessfully worked for it to be [[Commutation of sentence|commuted]].<ref>Trew, pp. 23–24.</ref>

===Louisbourg===
((Main|Raid on Rochefort|Siege of Louisbourg (1758)))
Rodney had in 1755 and 1756, taken part in preventive cruises under Hawke and [[Edward Boscawen]]. In 1757, he took part in the [[Raid on Rochefort|expedition against Rochefort]], commanding the 74-gun ship of the line ((HMS|Dublin|1757|2)).<ref name=EB1911/> After an initial success, the expedition made no serious attempt on [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]] and sailed for home. Next year, in the same ship, he was ordered to serve under Boscawen as part of an attempt to capture the strategic French fortress of [[Louisbourg]] in North America. He was given the task of carrying Major General [[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Jeffery Amherst]], the expedition's commander to Louisbourg. On the way Rodney captured a French [[East Indiamen]], and took it into [[Vigo]]. This action saw the beginning of criticism of Rodney that he was obsessed with prize money ahead of strategic importance, with some claiming he spent two weeks or more in Vigo making sure of his prize money instead of carrying Amherst to Louisbourg. This appears to be untrue, as Rodney sailed within four days from Vigo.<ref>Trew, pp. 24–25.</ref>

Rodney and his ship played a minor role in the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|taking of Louisburg]], which laid the way open for a British campaign up the [[St Lawrence River]] the following year, and the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|fall of Quebec]]. In August 1758 Rodney sailed for home in charge of six warships and ten [[transport ships|transports]] carrying the captured garrison of Louisbourg who were being taken to Britain as [[prisoners of war]].<ref>Trew, p. 25.</ref>

===Le Havre===
((Main|Raid on Le Havre))
On 19 May 1759 he became a [[rear admiral]], and shortly afterwards he was given command of a small [[squadron (naval)|squadron]].<ref name=trew26>Trew, p. 26.</ref> The admiralty had received intelligence that the French had gathered at [[Le Havre]], at the mouth of the [[River Seine]], a large number of [[flat-bottomed boat]]s and stores which were being collected there for an [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)|invasion of the British Isles]]. After drawing up plans for an attack on Le Havre, [[Lord Anson]] briefed Rodney in person. The operation was intended to be a secret with it being implied that Rodney's actual destination was [[Gibraltar]]. This soon became impossible to maintain as Rodney tried to acquire pilots who knew the [[Normandy]] coast.<ref name=trew26/>

Rodney received his final orders on 26 June, and by 4 July he was off Le Havre. His force included six bomb-vessels which could fire at a very high trajectory. In what become known as the [[Raid on Le Havre]], he bombarded the town for two days and nights, and inflicted great loss of war-material on the enemy. The bomb ships fired continuously for fifty two hours, starting large fires. Rodney then withdrew to [[Spithead]], leaving several ships to blockade the mouth of the Seine. Although the attack hadn't significantly affected French plans, it proved a morale boost in Britain. In August Rodney was again sent to Le Havre with similar orders but through a combination of weather and improved French defences he was unable to get his bomb-vessels into position, and the Admiralty accepted his judgement that a further attack was impossible. The invasion was ultimately cancelled because of French naval defeats at the [[Battle of Lagos]] and [[Battle of Quiberon Bay]].

From 1759 and 1761 Rodney concentrated on his blockade of the French coast, particularly around Le Havre. In July 1760, with another small squadron, he succeeded in taking many more of the enemy's flat-bottomed boats and in blockading the coast as far as [[Dieppe, France|Dieppe]].<ref name=EB1911/>

===Martinique===
((Main|British expedition against Martinique (1762)))
Rodney was elected MP for [[Penryn (UK Parliament constituency)|Penryn]] in 1761.<ref>((cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Namier |editor1-first=Lewis|editor1-link=Lewis Bernstein Namier|editor2-last=Brooke |editor2-first=John|editor2-link=John Brooke (English historian)|last=Drummond|first=Mary M.|encyclopedia=[[The History of Parliament]]: the House of Commons 1754–1790|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/rodney-george-brydges-1719-92|year=1964 |title=Rodney, George Brydges (1719–92)|isbn=9780436304200|publisher=Haynes|location=London))</ref> Lord Anson then selected him to command the naval element of a planned amphibious attack on the lucrative and strategically important French colony of [[Martinique]] in the West Indies, promoting him over the heads of a number of more senior officers. A previous [[Invasion of Martinique (1759)|British attack on Martinique]] had failed in 1759. The land forces for the attack on Martinique were to be a combination of troops from various locations including some sent out from Europe and reinforcements from New York City, who were available following the [[Conquest of Canada]] which had been completed in 1760. During 1761 Martinique was blockaded by [[Sir James Douglas, 1st Baronet|Sir James Douglas]] to prevent reinforcements or supplies from reaching it.<ref>Trew, p. 30.</ref> In 1762 he was formally appointed commander-in-chief of the [[Leeward Islands Station]].<ref>((cite book|last1=Billias|first1=George Athan|title=The life and correspondence of the late Admiral Lord Rodney.|date=1972|publisher=Gregg Press|location=Boston|isbn=9780839812715|page=8))</ref>

Within the first three months of 1762, [[Robert Monckton|Monckton]] and he [[British expedition against Martinique|had reduced the important island of Martinique]], while both [[Saint Lucia]] and [[Grenada]] had surrendered to his squadron. During the siege of [[Fort-de-France|Fort Royal (later Fort de France)]] his seamen and marines rendered splendid service on shore.<ref name=EB1911/> Afterwards Rodney's squadron, amounting to eight ships of the line joined the [[Battle of Havana (1762)|British expedition to Cuba]] bringing the total number of ships of the line to 15 by the end of April 1762. However he was later criticised for moving his ships to protect Jamaica from attack by a large Franco-Spanish force that had gathered in the area, rather than waiting to support the expedition as he had been ordered.

Following the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1763, Admiral Rodney returned home having been during his absence made Vice-Admiral of the Blue and having received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament.<ref name=EB1911/> In the peace terms Martinique was returned to France.

==Years of peace==
[[File:Rodney by Reynolds.jpg|thumb|George Brydges Rodney, by [[Joshua Reynolds]] in 1789]]

In 1764, Rodney was created a [[baronet]], and the same year he married Henrietta, daughter of John Clies of [[Lisbon]]. From 1765 to 1770, he was governor of [[Greenwich Hospital, London|Greenwich Hospital]], and on the dissolution of parliament in 1768 he successfully contested [[Northampton (UK Parliament constituency)|Northampton]] at a ruinous cost. When appointed Commander-in-Chief of the [[Jamaica Station (Royal Navy)|Jamaica Station]] in 1771,<ref>Cundall, p. xx.</ref> he lost his Greenwich post, but a few months later received the office of [[Rear-Admiral of Great Britain]]. Until 1774, he held the Jamaica command, and during a period of quiet, was active in improving the naval yards on his station. Sir George struck his flag with a feeling of disappointment at not obtaining the governorship of Jamaica, and was shortly after forced to settle in Paris. Election expenses and losses at play in fashionable circles had shattered his fortune, and he could not secure payment of the salary as Rear-Admiral of Great Britain. In February 1778, having just been promoted Admiral of the White, he used every possible exertion to obtain a command to free himself from his money difficulties. By May, he had, through the splendid generosity of his Parisian friend [[Louis Antoine de Gontaut|Marshal Biron]], effected the latter task, and accordingly he returned to London with his children. The debt was repaid out of the arrears due to him on his return. The story that he was offered a French command is fiction.<ref name=EB1911/>

==American War of Independence==
((further|American Revolutionary War))
In London, he suggested to [[Lord George Germain]] that [[George Washington]] could "certainly be bought – [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|honours]] will do it".<ref>Hibbert, p. 295.</ref>

===Moonlight Battle===
((Main|Battle of Cape St Vincent (1780)))
Rodney was appointed once more commander-in-chief of the Leeward Islands Station late in 1779.<ref>((cite book|last1=Haydn|first1=Joseph|title=The Book of Dignities: Containing Lists of the Official Personages of the British Empire ... from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time ... Together with the Sovereigns and Rulers of Europe, from the Foundation of Their Respective States; the Peerage of England and Great Britain Original 1851 Digitized by the University of Michigan|date=13 June 2008|publisher=Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans|page=279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aURnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA272|language=en))</ref> His orders were to relieve Gibraltar on his way to the West Indies. He [[Action of 8 January 1780|captured a Spanish convoy]] of 22 vessels off [[Cape Finisterre]] on 8 January 1780.<ref>((London Gazette|date=8 February 1780|issue=12056|page=1))</ref> Eight days later at the [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]] he defeated the Spanish Admiral [[Juan de Lángara|Don Juan de Lángara]], taking or destroying seven ships.<ref name=EB1911/> He then [[relief of Gibraltar|brought some relief to Gibraltar]] by delivering reinforcements and supplies.

===Battle of Martinique===
((Main|Battle of Martinique (1780)))
On 17 April he fought an [[Battle of Martinique (1780)|action]] off Martinique with the French Admiral [[Luc Urbain de Bouexic, comte de Guichen|Guichen]] which, owing to the carelessness of some of Rodney's captains, was indecisive.<ref name=EB1911/>

===Capture of St Eustatius===
((Main|Capture of St Eustatius))
[[File:Mosnier, George Rodney.jpg|thumb|left|''Admiral George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney'', by [[Jean-Laurent Mosnier]], painted 1791.]]

Following the outbreak of the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] between Britain and the [[Dutch Republic]] Rodney, acting under orders from London, captured the valuable Dutch island of [[St Eustatius]] on 3 February 1781.<ref name=EB1911/> Rodney had already identified several individuals on the island who were aiding the Americans, such as "... Mr Smith at the House of Jones – they (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles)<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.ouramericanrevolution.org/index.cfm/page/view/p0157|title=The American Revolution|website=www.ouramericanrevolution.org|access-date=17 August 2019))</ref> cannot be too soon taken care of – they are notorious in the cause of America and France..." The island was also home to a Jewish community who were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties. The Jews were estimated to have been at least 10% of the permanent population of St. Eustatius.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.steustatiushistory.org/secar.htm|title=SECAR|publisher=steustatiushistory.org|access-date=18 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085844/http://steustatiushistory.org/secar.htm|archive-date=29 January 2016))</ref>

Rodney immediately arrested and imprisoned 101 Jews in the warehouses of the lower city. He treated them harshly, summarily deporting 31 heads of families without mercy or word to their dependents. Rodney looted Jewish personal possessions and even tore out the linings of the clothes of his captives in search of hidden valuables; this alone yielded him 8,000 pounds.<ref>Norton, Louis Arthur. [http://www.jewishmag.com/107mag/jewsofeustatius/jewsofeustatius.htm "Retribution: Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius"] ''Jewish Magazine'' (October 2006).</ref> When Rodney realised that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure, he dug up the Jewish cemetery.<ref>Is there documentary evidence for this?</ref>
Even large quantities of non-military trading goods belonging to English merchants on the island were arbitrarily confiscated. This resulted in Rodney being entangled in a series of costly lawsuits for the rest of his life. Still, the wealth Rodney stole on St. Eustatius exceeded his expectations.<ref>Trew, pp. 103–104.</ref>

===Controversy and Yorktown===
Rodney wrote to his family with promises of a new London home; to his daughter "the best [[harpsichord]] money can purchase". He confidently wrote of a marriage settlement for one of his sons and a soon-to-be purchased commission in the [[Foot Guards#Britain|Foot Guards]] for another son. Rodney also wrote of a [[dowry]] for his daughter to marry the [[Edward Harley, 4th Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer|Earl of Oxford]] and noted he would have enough to pay off the young prospective bridegroom's debts.

Other Royal Navy officers scathingly criticised Rodney for his actions. In particular, Viscount [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Samuel Hood]] suggested that Rodney should have sailed to intercept a French fleet under Rear Admiral [[Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse]], travelling to Martinique.<ref>Trew, pp. 104–105.</ref> The French fleet instead turned north and headed for the [[Chesapeake Bay]] of [[Virginia]] and [[Maryland]].

Rodney's delay at St. Eustatius was not the first time he had taken the opportunity to capture prizes over the immediate and expeditious fulfillment of his military duties. During the Seven Years' War Rodney had been ordered to Barbados to link up with Admiral Sir George Pocock and the Earl of Albemarle for an attack on Cuba. Instead, Rodney sent valuable ships off in search of prizes. In 1762, Rodney, after the fall of Martinique, quarreled with the army over prize money. During Rodney's command in Jamaica, 1771–1774, the Earl of Sandwich feared that Rodney might provoke a war with Spain to obtain prize money.<ref>Rodney, Spinney, pp. 141, 201–202, 206, 255.</ref>

Plundering the wealth of St. Eustatius and capturing many prizes over a number of months, Rodney further weakened his fleet by sending two [[ships-of-the-line]] to escort his treasure ships to England, though both were in need of major repair. Nevertheless, he is both blamed and defended for the subsequent disaster at Yorktown.<ref>The Men Who Lost America, Yale University Press, by Prof. Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy, strongly asserts that Rodney's delay was directly linked to the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown.</ref> His orders as naval commander in chief in the eastern Caribbean were not only to watch de Grasse but also to protect the valuable sugar trade. Rodney had received intelligence earlier that de Grasse would send part of his fleet before the start of the hurricane season to relieve the French squadron at Newport and to co-operate with Washington, returning in the fall to the Caribbean. The other half of de Grasse's fleet, as usual, would escort the French merchantmen back across the Atlantic. Rodney accordingly made his dispositions in the light of this intelligence. Sixteen of his remaining twenty-one battleships would go with Hood to reinforce the squadron at New York under Sir Thomas Graves, while Rodney, who was in ill health, returned to England with three other battleships as merchant escorts, leaving two others in dock for repair. Hood was well satisfied with these arrangements, informing a colleague that his fleet was "fully equal to defeat any designs of the enemy." What Rodney and Hood could not know was that at the last moment de Grasse decided to take his entire fleet to North America, leaving the French merchantmen to the protection of the Spanish. The result was a decisive French superiority in battleships during the subsequent naval campaign, when the combined fleets of Hood and Graves were unable to relieve the British army of [[Charles Cornwallis]], who was then establishing a base on the York River.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Middleton|first=Richard|year=2014|title=Naval Resources and the British Defeat at Yorktown, 1781|volume=100 |issue=1|journal=The Mariner's Mirror |pages=29–43|doi=10.1080/00253359.2014.866373|s2cid=154569534))</ref> This left Cornwallis no option but to surrender, resulting a year later in British recognition of American Independence. Although Rodney's actions at St. Eustatius and afterwards contributed to the British naval inferiority in the [[Battle of the Chesapeake]], the real reason for the disaster at Yorktown was the inability of Britain to match the resources of the other naval powers of Europe.<ref>((cite book|last1=O'Shaughnessy|first1=Andrew|title=The men who lost America: British Command during the Revolutionary War and the preservation of the empire|date=2013|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-1780742465))</ref>

===Battle of the Saintes===
((further|Battle of the Saintes))
[[File:Combat naval 12 avril 1782-Dumoulin-IMG 5486.JPG|thumb|''Battle of the Saintes, April 1782''<br>painting by [[François Aimé Louis Dumoulin]]]]
After a few months in England, restoring his health and defending himself in Parliament, Sir George returned to his command in February 1782, and a running engagement with the French fleet on 9 April led up to his crowning victory at the [[Battle of the Saintes]] off Dominica, when on 12 April with thirty-five sail of the line he defeated the [[François Joseph Paul, marquis de Grasetilly, comte de Grasse|Comte de Grasse]], who had thirty-three sail. The French inferiority in numbers was more than counterbalanced by the greater size and superior sailing qualities of their ships, yet four French ships of the line were captured (including the [[flagship]]) as well as one destroyed after eleven hours' fighting.<ref name=EB1911/>

This important battle saved [[Jamaica]] and ruined French naval prestige, while it enabled Rodney to write: "Within two little years I have taken two Spanish, one French and one Dutch admirals." A long and wearisome controversy exists as to the originator of the manoeuvre of "breaking the line" in this battle, but the merits of the victory have never seriously been affected by any difference of opinion on the question. A shift of wind broke the French line of battle, and the British ships took advantage of this by crossing in two places;<ref name=EB1911/> many were taken prisoner including the Comte de Grasse.

From 29 April to 10 July he sat with his fleet at [[Port Royal, Jamaica]] while his fleet was repaired after the battle.<ref name="Fraser165">((Harvnb|Fraser|2009|p=165))</ref>

===Recall===
In a 15 April letter to [[George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville|Lord George Germain]], who unknown to Rodney had recently lost his position, he wrote "Permit me most sincerely to congratulate you on the most important victory I believe ever gained against our perfidious enemies, the French".<ref>Weintraub, p. 319.</ref> The news of Rodney's victories reached England on 18 May 1782 via HMS ''Andromache'' and boosted national morale in Britain and strengthened the pro-war party, who wished to carry on the fight. George III observed to the new Prime Minister [[Lord Shelburne]] that he "must see that the great success of Lord Rodney's engagement has so far roused the nation, that the peace which would have been acquiesced in three months ago would now be a matter for complaint".<ref>Fleming, p. 180.</ref>

Rodney was preparing to sail to meet the enemy off [[Cape Haitien]] when ((HMS|Jupiter|1778|6)) arrived from England, not only relieving him of duty, but also bringing his replacement: [[Hugh Pigot (Royal Navy officer, born 1722)|Admiral Hugh Pigot]]. This bizarre exchange was largely the result of changing politics in Britain: Rodney was a Tory placed in charge of the fleet by a Tory government... but the Whigs were now in power.<ref name="Fraser165"/> That said, at 64 years of age, he was perhaps due for retirement. However, Pigot and the command to retire was dispatched on 15 May, three days before the news of the victory at the [[Battle of the Saintes]] reached the Admiralty. A cutter sent by the Admiralty on 19 May failed to catch the ''Jupiter'' so Rodney's fate was sealed.<ref name="Fraser167">((Harvnb|Fraser|2009|p=167))</ref>

Rodney quietly quit his quarters on the ''Formidable'' and returned to England in more modest quarters on ((HMS|Montagu|1779|6)).<ref name="Fraser169">((Harvnb|Fraser|2009|p=169))</ref>

== Later life ==
===Nepotism and self-interest===
Rodney was unquestionably a most able officer, but he was also vain, selfish and unscrupulous,<ref>((cite book|last1=Rodger|first1=N. A. M.|title=The Command of the Ocean|url=https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna00rodg|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.|location=New York, NY|isbn=0393060500|page=[https://archive.org/details/commandofoceanna00rodg/page/344 344]))</ref> both in seeking prize money, and in using his position to push the fortunes of his family, although such nepotism was common (not to say normal) at the time. He made his son a post-captain at fifteen, and his assiduous self-interest alienated his fellow officers and the Board of Admiralty alike. Naval historian [[Nicholas A. M. Rodger]] describes Rodney as possessing weaknesses with respect to patronage "which destroyed the basis of trust upon which alone an officer can command."<ref>Rodger (1986), pp. 326–327.</ref> It must be remembered that he was then prematurely old and racked by disease.<ref name=EB1911/>

===Retirement and death===
Rodney arrived home in August to receive unbounded honour from his country. He had already been created Baron Rodney of Rodney Stoke, Somerset, by patent of 19 June 1782, and the House of Commons had voted him a pension of £2000 a year. From this time he led a quiet country life until his death in London. He was succeeded as 2nd Baron by his son, [[George Rodney, 2nd Baron Rodney|George]] (1753–1802).<ref name=EB1911/>

In 1782 Rodney was presented with the Freedom of the [[City of Cork]], Ireland.  The [[National Maritime Museum]], [[Greenwich]], London, holds the gold presentation box that the City of Cork gave him on 16 September 1782.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/explore/object.cfm?ID=PLT0744 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090509120706/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/explore/object.cfm?ID=PLT0744 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2009 |title=Gold freedom box presented by the City of Cork on 16 September 1782 to Admiral Lord George Brydges Rodney, held in the collections of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich |access-date=21 December 2010 ))</ref>

Rodney died in 1792, and was buried in the church of St Mary the Virgin, [[Old Alresford]], in Hampshire, which adjoins his family seat. There is a memorial to him within [[St Paul's Cathedral]].<ref>"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" [[William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)|Sinclair, W.]] p. 451: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.</ref>

==Legacy==
<gallery class="center" widths="230" heights="230">
File:Rodney monument.jpg|Monument of George Brydges Rodney in Memorial in [[Spanish Town]]
File:Rodney monument, St Paul's Cathedral.jpg|Memorial in [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London
File:Breiddin02LB.jpg|Rodney's Pillar on [[Breidden Hill]] in Wales
File:Admiral Rodney public house, Long Buckby.jpg|Admiral Rodney public house, Long Buckby
</gallery>

In February 1783, the government of [[Jamaica]] commissioned [[John Bacon (sculptor, born 1740)|John Bacon]], a renowned British sculptor, to create a statue of Admiral Lord Rodney, as an expression of their appreciation. The Assembly spent $5,200 on the statue alone and a reputed $31,000 on the entire project. Bacon sourced the finest marble from Italy to create the [[Neoclassicism|Neo-classical]] sculpture of the Admiral, dressed in a Roman robe and breastplate. On its completion, the statue was fronted with cannons taken from the [[French ship Ville de Paris (1764)|French flagship, Ville de Paris]], in the battle.<ref>((cite book |last1=Aspinall |first1=Algernon E. |title=The pocket guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Bermudas, the Spanish Main, and the Panama canal. |date=1907 |publisher=Rand, McNally & Company |pages=188–189 |edition=New and revised 1914 |url=https://archive.org/stream/pocketguidetowes00aspi/pocketguidetowes00aspi#page/188/mode/1up |access-date=23 July 2018))</ref> The truly huge monument, known as the [[Rodney Temple]] stands in [[Spanish Town, Jamaica]], next to the Governor's House.

In late 1782 and early 1783 a large number of existing taverns renamed themselves "The Admiral Rodney" in admiration of the victory.<ref name="Fraser169"/>
[[Admiral Rodney's Pillar]] was constructed on the peak of [[Breidden Hill]] to commemorate his victories.

In [[St. Paul's Cathedral]] crypt, there is a memorial to Rodney designed by [[Charles Rossi]].

At least four serving warships of the Royal Navy have been named ((HMS|Rodney)) in his honour.

Two British [[public school (England)|public schools]], [[Churcher's College]] and [[Emanuel School]], have [[House System|houses]] named after him.

Due to his popularity with citizens of Newfoundland as governor, small round-bottomed wooden boats, propelled by oars and/or sails, are often referred to as a [[Rodney boat|"Rodney"]] up to the present day in Newfoundland.

In 1793, following Rodney's death, Scotland's Bard, the poet [[Robert Burns]] (1759–1796), published a poem "Lines On The Commemoration Of Rodney's Victory"<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.robertburns.org/works/406.shtml|title=Robert Burns Country: Lines On The Commemoration Of Rodney's Victory|website=www.robertburns.org|access-date=17 August 2019))</ref> commemorating the [[Battle of the Saintes]]. The poem opens with the lines:
:"Instead of a Song, boy's, I'll give you a Toast;
:"Here's to the memory of those on the twelfth that we lost!-
:"That we lost, did I say?-nay, by Heav'n, that we found;
:"For their fame it will last while the world goes round. “

===Places named after Rodney===
((More citations needed section|date=May 2022))
* [[Rodney Street, Liverpool]]<ref>((cite web|title=Liverpool Local History|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/localhistory/journey/scouse/city/street_facts.shtml|date=April 2003|access-date=26 February 2012|publisher=BBC))</ref>
* Rodney Street, Edinburgh
* [[Rodney Bay]], [[Saint Lucia]], the Caribbean
* [[Rodney County, New Zealand]]
* [[Rodney Gardens]], Perth, Scotland
* [[Cape Rodney]], [[North Island]], New Zealand
* [[Rodney, Ontario|Rodney]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
* Admiral Rodney – Pub, Worcestershire
* Admiral Rodney - Pub, Criggion Lane, Powys
* Admiral Lord Rodney - Pub, Colne, Lancashire
* Admiral Rodney - Hotel, Horncastle, Lincolnshire
* Admiral Rodney - Pub, Sheffield
* Rodney Inn - Pub, Helston, Cornwall
* The Admiral Rodney Inn - Criggion, Powys (in sight of Rodney's Pillar monument on Breidden Hill)
* The Admiral Rodney Inn - Pub, Hartshorne, Swadlincote, Derbyshire.
* The Admiral Rodney - Pub, Prestbury, Cheshire
* The Lord Rodney - Pub, Keighley, West Yorkshire
* The Admiral Rodney - Pub, Calverton, Nottinghamshire
* The Rodney Hotel - Hotel, Clifton, Bristol
* Admiral Rodney - Pub, Wollaton, Nottinghamshire

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==Bibliography==
* ((cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924020417527#page/n27/mode/2up|title=Historic Jamaica|first=Frank|last=Cundall|publisher=West India Committee|year=1915))
* ''The Naval Chronicle, Volume 1'' 1799, J. Gold, London. (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2010. ((ISBN|978-1-108-01840-1))
* ((cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Edward |title=Famous Fighters of the Fleet: Glimpses Through the Cannon Smoke in the Days of the Old Navy (1904) |date=2009 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=9781104820039))
* Fleming, Thomas. ''The Perils of Peace: America's Struggle for Survival After Yorktown''. First Smithsonian books, 2008.
* Hannay, David. ''Life of Rodney''. Macmillan, 1891.
* Hibbert, Christopher. ''Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution Through British Eyes''. Avon Books, 1990.
* General Mundy, ''Life and Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney'' (2 vols, 1830)
* O'Shaunhassey, Andrew Jackson. ''The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution and the Fate of Empire''. Yale University Press, 2013.
* Rodger, N. A. M. ''Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815''. Penguin Books, 2006.
* Spinney, David. ''Rodney'', George Allen & Unwin, 1969.
* Stewart, William. ''Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary 1500 to the Present''. McFarland, 2009.
* Trew, Peter. ''Rodney and the Breaking of the Line''. Pen and Sword, 2006. 
* Weintraub, Stanley. ''Iron Tears: Rebellion in America, 1775–1783''. Simon & Schuster, 2005.
* Rodney letters in ''9th Report of Hist. manuscripts Coin.'', pt. iiL; "Memoirs," in ''Naval Chronicle'', i. 353–93; and Charnock, ''Biographia Navalis'', v. 204–28. Lord Rodney published in his lifetime (probably 1789)
* ''Letters to His Majesty's Ministers'', etc., relative to St Eustatius, etc., of which there is a copy in the [[British Museum]]. Most of these letters are printed in Mundy's ''Life'', vol. ii., though with many variant readings.

==Further reading==
* Arbell, Mordechai. ''The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean, The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas'' (2002) Geffen Press, Jerusalem
* Bernardini, P. & Fiering, N. (editors). ''The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800'' (2001), Berghan Press
* Charnock, John. ''Biographia Navalis'' volume, 5 pg 204–228. 1797, London.
* Ezratty, Harry. ''500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean – The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies'' (1997) Omni Arts, Baltimore
* Macintyre, Donald. ''Admiral Rodney'' (1962) Peter Davies, London.
* Middleton, Richard. ''The War of American Independence, 1775–1783''. Pearson. London, 2012
* Mundy, Godfrey Basil. ''Life and Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney, Vols 1 and 2'' 1830
* Syrett, David. ''The Rodney Papers: selections from the correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney'' 2007, Ashgate Publishing Ltd
* Hartog, J. ''History of St. Eustatius'' (1976) Central USA Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles
* Attema, Y. ''A Short History of St. Eustatius and its Monuments'' (1976) Wahlberg Pers

==External links==
((commons category-inline))
* [http://www.heritage.nf.ca/govhouse/governors/g15.html Government House ''The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador'']
* ((Find a Grave|12441))
* [http://www.jewishmag.com/107mag/jewsofeustatius/jewsofeustatius.htm "Retribution:Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius"], by Louis Arthur Norton
* Chapter III, ''Rodney: The Form'' in ((Gutenberg|no=18314|name=Types of Naval Officers)), by [[Alfred Thayer Mahan|A. T. Mahan]]

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