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((More citations needed|date=January 2011))
((Short description|British astronomer))
((for|the American politician|Gerald Hawkins (politician)))
((Use British English|date=February 2015))
((Use dmy dates|date=January 2021))
((Infobox person
| name        = Gerald Hawkins
| other_names =
| image       =
| caption     =
| birth_name  = Gerald Stanley Hawkins
| birth_date  = ((birth date|1928|4|20|df=yes))
| birth_place = [[Great Yarmouth]], [[England]]
| death_date  = ((death date and age|2003|5|26|1928|4|20|df=yes))
| death_place = [[Woodville, Virginia|Woodville]], Virginia, United States
| death_cause =
| known       = ''[[Stonehenge Decoded]]''
| occupation  = Astronomer
| title       = [[Professor]]
| term        =
| predecessor =
| successor   =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| relations =
| website =
| footnotes =
| employer = [[Boston University]]
| height =
))

'''Gerald Stanley Hawkins''' (20 April 1928&ndash; 26 May 2003) was a [[United Kingdom|British]]-born American [[astronomer]] and author noted for his work in the field of [[archaeoastronomy]].  A professor and chair of the astronomy department at [[Boston University]] in the United States, he published in 1963 an analysis of [[Stonehenge]] in which he was the first to propose that it was an ancient astronomical observatory used to predict movements of the sun and moon, and that it was used as a computer.  Archaeologists and other scholars have since demonstrated such sophisticated, complex planning and construction at other prehistoric [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork]] sites, such as [[Cahokia]] in the United States.

==Early life and education==
Gerald Hawkins was born in [[Great Yarmouth]], England and studied physics and mathematics at the [[University of Nottingham]].  In 1952 he took a PhD in [[radio astronomy]], studying under Sir [[Bernard Lovell]] at the [[University of Manchester]].

==Career==
In 1957 Hawkins became professor of astronomy and chairman of the department at [[Boston University]] in the [[United States]].  He wrote widely on numerous subjects, including [[tektite]]s, [[meteor]]s and the [[steady-state universe]] theory. Born in England, he became an American citizen in 1965.

Hawkins applied the technological resources of the university to studying the astronomical alignments of ancient [[megalith]]ic sites.  He fed the positions of standing stones and other features at [[Stonehenge]] into an early [[IBM 7090]] computer and used the mainframe to model sun and moon movements.  In his 1965 book, ''[[Stonehenge Decoded]]'', Hawkins argued that the various features at the monument were arranged in such a way as to predict a variety of astronomical events.  This idea was briefly mentioned in his 1961 book, ''Splendor in the Sky''.<ref name="splend">Hawkins, Gerald S. "Splendor in the Sky" 1961. (p.&nbsp;23).</ref>

By interpreting Stonehenge as a giant prehistoric [[observatory|observatory and computer]], Hawkins' work re-assessed what had previously been seen as a primitive temple.  The archaeological community was sceptical and his theories were criticized by such noted historians as [[Richard J. C. Atkinson|Richard Atkinson]], who denounced the book as being "...tendentious, arrogant, slipshod, and unconvincing".<ref>((citation |title= Gerald Hawkins. Astronomer who claimed Stonehenge was a computer |author= Mike Pitts |work= The Guardian |date= 24 July 2003 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jul/24/guardianobituaries.highereducation ))</ref>

''[[Stonehenge Decoded]]'' sold widely.  It was especially popular among the members of 1960s counter culture, who found that it followed a similar "wisdom of the ancients" line explored by [[Alexander Thom]].  Hawkins' theories still inform popular opinion of Stonehenge.  Although some archaeologists are cautious to accept Hawkins' theories, many [[archaeoastronomy|archaeoastronomers]] have built upon his work.  Many scholars accept that the importance of astronomical alignment and large complexes being planned and constructed to fulfil cosmology has been demonstrated at other prehistoric sites, such as the [[Snake Mound]] and [[Cahokia]]<ref>Friedlander, Michael W., "The Cahokia Sun Circles", ''The Wisconsin Archeologist'', Vol. 88(1), pages 78–90, 2007.</ref> in the United States.

Hawkins later examined the [[Nazca lines]] in [[Peru]], and concluded there was not enough evidence to support an astronomical explanation for them.  He also studied the temple of [[Amun]] at [[Karnak]].  He continued to study Stonehenge up until his death.

[[American Astronomical Society]] obituaries: "Gerald Hawkins served as Dean of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, from 1969 to 1971, when his career trajectory transported him to the United States Information Agency, where he was appointed Science Advisor to the Director and where he remained until his retirement in 1989."<ref>American Astronomical Society Obituaries, aas.org</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aubrey holes]]

==References==
((reflist))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Hawkins, Gerald))
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Great Yarmouth]]
[[Category:20th-century British astronomers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Nottingham]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Archaeoastronomers]]
[[Category:Historians of astronomy]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]

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