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((Short description|Overview of how nouns are used in German))
((Multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=May 2023))
((Original research|date=May 2023))
))
((German grammar))
The [[nouns]] of the [[German language]] have several properties, some unique. As in many related [[Indo-European languages]], '''German nouns''' possess a [[grammatical gender]]; the three genders are masculine, feminine, and neuter. Words for objects without obvious masculine or feminine characteristics like 'bridge' or 'rock' can be masculine or feminine. German nouns are [[Declension|declined]] (change form) depending on their [[grammatical case]] (their function in a sentence) and whether they are [[Grammatical number|singular or plural]]. German has four cases: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]] and [[genitive]].

German is unusual among languages using the [[Latin alphabet]] in that ''all'' nouns are [[capitalization|capitalized]] (for example, "the book" is always written as ''"das '''B'''uch"''). Other [[High German languages]], such as [[Luxembourgish]], also capitalize both [[proper noun|proper]] and [[common noun|common]] nouns. Only a handful of other languages capitalize their nouns, mainly [[regional language]]s with orthographic conventions inspired by German, such as [[Low German]] and [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]. Under the influence of German, the Scandinavian languages formerly capitalized their nouns; [[Danish language|Danish]] retained the habit until 1948.

Noun [[Compound (linguistics)|compounds]] are written together with no spacing (for example, the German word for "spy satellite" is ''"Spionagesatellit"''). [[Plurals]] are normally formed by adding ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-er'' (or nothing) to the noun, and sometimes a vowel is also changed (the so-called [[Germanic umlaut#I-mutation in High German|umlaut]]). Moreover, recent [[loanwords]] from French and English often keep the ''-s'' plural ending.

== Declension for case ==
((Further|Grammatical gender in German))

'''N-noun:'''

A masculine or neuter noun with genitive singular and nominative plural ending in ''-(e)n'' is called an ''n-noun'' or ''weak noun'' (German: ((lang|de|schwaches Substantiv))). Sometimes these terms are extended to feminine nouns with genitive singular and nominative plural ''-en''.

For the four cases, nominative, accusative, dative and genitive, the main forms of declension are:

=== For singular nouns ===

'''I:''' '''Feminine''' nouns usually have the same form in all four cases.<br />
'''a)''' nom., acc. ((lang|de|die Frau)), dat., gen. ((lang|de|der Frau))

Exceptions are:
* Old declensions like ((lang|de|Frau/Fraw)) with genitive and dative singular ((lang|de|der Frauen/Frawen)) (in older usage)
* Words derived from Latin with nominative singular in -a and genitive singular ((lang|de|-ae/-ä)) (in older usage)
* Proper nouns derived from Latin: ((lang|de|Maria)) (“Mary” in English) with genitive singular ((lang|de|Mariä, Mariens, Marias)) and ((lang|de|(der) Maria)).
* Proper nouns which have two genitive forms like ((lang|de|Brunhilds Speer)) (“Brunhild's spear”) and ((lang|de|der Speer der Brunhild)) (“the spear of Brunhild”).
* The words ((lang|de|Mama, Mami, Mutter, Mutti, Oma, Omi)) which have forms like ((lang|de|die Tasche der Mama)), but also ((lang|de|Mamas Tasche)).

'''II:''' '''Personal names''', '''all neuter''' and '''most masculine''' nouns have genitive case ''-(e)s'' endings: normally ''-es'' if one syllable long, ''-s'' if more. Traditionally the nouns in this group also add ''-e'' in the dative case, but this is now often ignored. <br />
'''a)''' nom. ((lang|de|der Mann)), acc. ((lang|de|den Mann)), dat. ((lang|de|dem Mann'''(e)''')), gen. ((lang|de|des Mann'''(e)s'''))<br />
'''b)''' nom. ((lang|de|das Kind)), acc. ((lang|de|das Kind)), dat. ((lang|de|dem Kind'''(e)''')), gen. ((lang|de|des Kind'''(e)s''')).

'''III:''' '''Masculine''' and '''neuter''' '''n-nouns''' take ''-(e)n'' for genitive, dative and accusative: this is used for masculine nouns ending with ''-e'' denoting people and animals, masculine nouns ending with ((lang|de|-and, -ant, -ent, -ist)) (mostly denoting people), and a few others (mostly animate nouns).<br />
'''a)''' nom. ((lang|de|der Drache)), acc. ((lang|de|den Drache'''n''')), dat. ((lang|de|dem Drache'''n''')), gen. ((lang|de|des Drache'''n'''))<br />
'''b)''' nom. ((lang|de|der Prinz)), acc. ((lang|de|den Prinz'''en''')), dat. ((lang|de|dem Prinz'''en''')), gen. ((lang|de|des Prinz'''en''')).

'''IV:''' '''A few masculine''' nouns take ''-(e)n'' for accusative and dative, and ''-(e)ns'' for genitive.<br />
'''a)''' nom. ((lang|de|der Buchstabe)), acc. ((lang|de|den Buchstabe'''n''')), dat. ((lang|de|dem Buchstabe'''n''')), gen. ((lang|de|des Buchstabe'''ns'''))<br />
'''b)''' nom. ((lang|de|der Glaube)), acc. ((lang|de|den Glaube'''n''')), dat. ((lang|de|dem Glaube'''n''')), gen. ((lang|de|des Glaube'''ns''')).

=== For plural nouns ===
<br />'''I:''' In the dative case, '''all''' nouns which do not already have an ''-n'' or ''-s'' ending add ''-n''.<br />
'''a)''' nom., acc. ((lang|de|die Kinder)), dat. ((lang|de|den Kinder'''n''')), gen. ((lang|de|der Kinder))<br />
'''b)''' nom., acc. ((lang|de|die Frauen)), dat. ((lang|de|den Frauen)), gen. ((lang|de|der Frauen.))

=== General rules of declension ===
* Given the nominative singular, genitive singular, and nominative plural of a noun, it is possible to determine its declension.
* Note that for most feminine nouns, all singular forms are identical. This means that since n-nouns in general have all plural forms identical, all feminine n-nouns are effectively indeclinable.
* The dative plural of all nouns ends in -n if such an ending does not already exist, except that of nouns that form the plural with -s, which are usually [[loan word]]s.
* Most nouns do not take declensions in the accusative or singular dative cases.  A class of masculine nouns, called "[[weak noun]]s," takes the ending -n or -en in all cases except the nominative.

Dative forms with the ending ''-e,'' known in German as the ((lang|de|Dativ-e (dem Gotte, dem Manne))) are mostly restricted to formal usage, but widely limited to poetic style. Such forms are not commonly found in modern prose texts, except in fixed expressions (such as ((lang|de|im Stande sein)): "to be able") and for certain words (e.g. ((lang|de|(dem) Hause, Wege)) or ((lang|de|Tode))) which are, however, quite numerous; in these cases, omitting the ''-e'' would be similarly unusual. This ending is also still used semi-productively in poetry and music, mostly for the purposes of meter and rhyme.

Nevertheless, in the genitive, the ending ''-es'' is used … 
* ''necessarily'' if the word ends with a sibilant (((lang|de|des Hauses, des Stoßes, des Schusses)))
* ''usually'' by monosyllabic words ((lang|de|(des Gottes, des Mannes)))
* ''commonly'' if it ends on the letter ''d''
Only words of more syllables usually add a simple ''-s'' ((lang|de|(des Königs).))

In colloquial usage, moreover, singular inflection of weak masculine nouns may be limited to those ending in ''-e'' ((lang|de|(der Name – dem Name'''n''').)) Other nouns of this class are sometimes not inflected. Thus one might occasionally hear ((lang|de|dem Spatz, dem Idiot)) instead of the more formal ((lang|de|dem Spatzen, dem Idioten)).

=== Declension classes ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Number
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! rowspan="3" | Example 
|-
! Class / [[Grammatical case|Case]] || Nominative || Accusative || Dative || Genitive || Nominative
Accusative
! Dative || Genitive
|-
! Article<br>(M, N, F)
| der,<br>das,<br>die || den,<br>das,<br>die || dem,<br>dem,<br>der || des,<br>des,<br>der
| die || den || der
|-
! -(e)s, -e
| Berg  || Berg  || Berg'''(e)''' || Berg'''(e)s''' 
| Berg'''e'''  || Berg'''en''' || Berg'''e'''
|der Berg,<br>des Berg(e)s,<br>die Berge
|-
! -(e)s, -er 
| Bild  || Bild  || Bild'''(e)''' || Bild'''(e)s''' 
| Bild'''er'''  || Bild'''ern''' || Bild'''er'''
|das Bild,<br>des Bild(e)s,<br>die Bilder
|-
! -(e)s, -en
| Staat  || Staat  || Staat'''(e)''' || Staat'''(e)s''' 
| Staat'''en'''  || Staat'''en''' || Staat'''en'''
| der Staat,<br>des Staat(e)s,<br>die Staaten
|-
! -s, -
| Fahrer  || Fahrer  || Fahrer || Fahrer'''s''' 
| Fahrer  || Fahrer'''n''' || Fahrer
| der Fahrer,<br>des Fahrers,<br>die Fahrer
|-
! -s, -e
| Lehrling  || Lehrling  || Lehrling || Lehrling'''s''' 
| Lehrling'''e'''  || Lehrling'''en''' || Lehrling'''e'''
| der Lehrling,<br>des Lehrlings,<br>die Lehrlinge
|-
! -s, -s
| Radio  || Radio  || Radio || Radio'''s''' 
| Radio'''s'''  || Radio'''s''' || Radio'''s'''
| das Radio,<br>des Radios,<br>die Radios
|-
! -en, -en
| Student  || Student'''en'''  || Student'''en''' || Student'''en'''
| Student'''en'''  || Student'''en''' || Student'''en'''
| der Student,<br>des&nbsp;Studenten,<br>die Studenten
|-
! -, -̈
| Mutter  || Mutter  || Mutter || Mutter 
| Mütter  || Mütter'''n''' || Mütter
| die Mutter,<br>der Mutter,<br>die Mütter
|-
! -, -en
| Meinung  || Meinung  || Meinung || Meinung 
| Meinung'''en'''  || Meinung'''en''' || Meinung'''en'''
| die Meinung,<br>der Meinung,<br>die&nbsp;Meinungen
|-
! -, -̈e
| Kraft  || Kraft  || Kraft || Kraft 
| Kräft'''e'''  || Kräft'''en''' || Kräft'''e'''
| die Kraft,<br>der Kraft,<br>die Kräfte
|-
! -, -s
| Kamera  || Kamera  || Kamera || Kamera
| Kamera'''s'''  || Kamera'''s''' || Kamera'''s'''
| die Kamera,<br>der Kamera,<br>die Kameras
|-
! -ns, -n
| Name  || Name'''n'''  || Name'''n''' || Name'''ns'''
| Name'''n'''  || Name'''n ''' || Name'''n ''' 
| der Name,<br>des Namens,<br>die Namen
|}

=== Irregular declensions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Herr'' "gentleman"
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Nominative
|''der Herr''
|''die Herren''
|-
|Accusative
|''den Herrn''
|''die Herren''
|-
|Dative
|''dem Herrn''
|''den Herren''
|-
|Genitive
|''des Herrn''
|''der Herren''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ''Herz'' "heart"
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Nominative
|''das Herz''
|''die Herzen''
|-
|Accusative
|''das Herz''
|''die Herzen''
|-
|Dative
|''dem Herzen*''
|''den Herzen''
|-
|Genitive
|''des Herzens''
|''der Herzen''
|}
* * vernacularly: ''dem Herz''

Many foreign nouns have irregular plurals, for example:
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Nominative singular
!Genitive singular
!Nominative plural
!Meaning
|-
| -s, -en
|rowspan="2"|das Thema
|rowspan="2"|des Themas
|die Themen
|rowspan="2"|the theme
|-
| -s, PL
|die Themata
|-
| -, -en
|der Amerikanismus
|des Amerikanismus
|die Amerikanismen
|the Americanism
|-
| -, PL
|der Modus
|des Modus
|die Modi
|the mode or mood
|}

==Orthography==
All German nouns are capitalized.<ref name="Gschossmann-2014">((cite book |last1=Gschossmann-Hendershot |first1=Elke  |last2=Feuerle |first2=Lois |title=Schaum's Outline of German Grammar, 5th Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swdPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |date=7 February 2014 |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-182335-7 |page=14 |oclc=881681594 |access-date=30 September 2018))</ref> German is the only major language to capitalize its nouns. This was also done in the [[Danish language]] until 1948 and sometimes in (New) Latin, while [[Early Modern English]] showed tendencies towards noun capitalization.((citation needed|date=September 2018))((efn|Capitalization of some English nouns was still in use in the 18th century, as can be seen for example in the [[American Declaration of Independence]].))

Capitalization is not restricted to nouns. Other words are often capitalized when they are [[nominalization|nominalized]] (for instance ((lang|de|das Deutsche)) ‘the German language’, a nominalized adjective).

==Compounds==
As in other Germanic languages, German nouns can be [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] in effectively unlimited numbers, as in ((lang|de|[[Rinderkennzeichnungs- und Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz]])) ('Cattle Marking and Beef Labelling Supervision Duties Delegation Law', the name of an actual law passed in [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] in 1999), or ((lang|de|[[Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft]])) ('Danube Steamboat Shipping Company', 1829).

Unlike [[English compounds]], German compound nouns are usually written together as a [[scriptio continua|single word]]: 'spy satellite' is thus ((lang|de|Spionagesatellit)) and 'mad cow disease' ((lang|de|Rinderwahn)). Compound nouns take the gender of the last component noun (the [[Compound (linguistics)#Subclasses|head]]). In special cases, German compounds are hyphenated, as in ''US-Botschaft'' ‚US embassy‘, or ''100-prozentig'' ‚with a 100 percent‘.

In addition, there is the grammatical feature of the ((lang|de|Fugen-"s")): certain compounds introduce an "s" between the noun stems, historically marking the genitive case of the first noun (cf. [[iḍāfah]]), but it occurs frequently after nouns which do not take an "s" in their genitive cases.

In many instances, the compound is acceptable both with and without the "s", but there are many cases where the "s" is mandatory and this cannot be deduced from grammatical rules,  e.g. ((lang|de|Hochzeitskleid)) = "wedding dress", ((lang|de|Liebeslied)) = "love song", ((lang|de|Abfahrtszeit)) = "time of departure", ((lang|de|Arbeitsamt)) = "[[employment agency]]".

Occurrence of the ((lang|de|Fugen-"s")) seems to be correlated to certain suffixes (of the first stem); compounds with words in ((lang|de|-tum)), ((lang|de|-ling)), ((lang|de|-ion)), ((lang|de|-tät)), ((lang|de|-heit)), ((lang|de|-keit)), ((lang|de|-schaft)), ((lang|de|-sicht)), ((lang|de|-ung)) and nominalized infinitives in ((lang|de|-en)) mostly do take the "s", while feminine words not ending in ((lang|de|-ion)), ((lang|de|-tät)), ((lang|de|-heit)), ((lang|de|-keit)), ((lang|de|-schaft)), ((lang|de|-sicht)), ((lang|de|-ung)) mostly do not, but there are exceptions. Use of the "s" is mostly optional in compounds in which the second element is a participle.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/zwiebelfisch/zwiebelfisch-der-gebrauch-des-fugen-s-im-ueberblick-a-293195.html "Der Gebrauch des Fugen-s im Überblick"]. ''[[Spiegel Online]]''.</ref>

To reduce length or to highlight distinctions, a first or final part of a compound is sometimes mentioned only once but applies to more than one compound noun. For example:
* ((lang|de|Bildergalerien und '''-'''ausstellungen)) ("picture galleries and [picture] exhibitions")
* ((lang|de|Nähe Haupt'''-''' und Busbahnhof)) ("near the main railway [station] and bus station")

==Issues with number==

As in English, some nouns (e.g. mass nouns) only have a singular form (''singularia tantum''); other nouns only have a plural form (''[[plurale tantum|''pluralia tantum'']]''):
* ''Das All'', ''der Durst'', ''der Sand'' ("the Universe", "thirst", "sand")
* ''Die Kosten'', ''die Ferien'' ("costs", "the holidays")

Traps abound in both directions here: common mass nouns in English
are not mass nouns in German, and vice versa:
* ''information'' – ''Informationen'', ''die Information'' ("the piece of information"), ''die Informationen'' ("the pieces of information")
* ''the police are'' (pl.) = ''die Polizei ist'' (sg.)

Again as in English, some words change their meaning when changing their number:
*''Geld'' ("money") – ''Gelder'' ("different sources of money")
*''Wein'' ("wine") – ''die Weine'' ("different types of wine")

A few words have two different plurals with distinct meanings. For example:
*''Wort'' ("word") – ''Wörter'' (isolated words, as in "five words") - ''Worte'' (connected, meaningful words, as in "his last words")
*''Bau'' – ''Bauten'' ("buildings") – ''Baue'' ("burrows")

Some words share the singular and can only be distinguished by their gender and sometimes their plural (compare “bases” in English, which can be the plural of two distinct words, “base” and “basis”): 
* ''Gehalt'' – ''das Gehalt'', ''die Gehälter'' ("salary") – ''der Gehalt'', ''die Gehalte'' ("content")
* ''Band'' – ''das Band'', ''die Bänder'' ("ribbon") – ''der Band'', ''die Bände'' ("volume (of a book)")
* ''Teil'' – ''das Teil'', ''die Teile'' (physical "piece" e.g. from a machine) – ''der Teil'', ''die Teile'' (conceptual "part" e.g. from a speech)
* ''See'' – ''der See'', ''die Seen'' ("lake") – ''die See'' ("sea", no plural form) – ''die See'', ''die Seen'' (nautical term for "(large) wave")
* ''Kiefer'' – ''der Kiefer'', ''die Kiefer'' ("jawbone") – ''die Kiefer'', ''die Kiefern'' ("pine tree")

==See also==
* [[German grammar]]
* [[German verbs]]
* [[German orthography]]
* [[Standard German phonology]]

==Notes==
((notelist))

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
((wiktionarycat|type=German nouns|category=German nouns))
* [http://www.deutsched.com/Grammar/Lessons/0101noungender.php German Nouns and Gender] – German grammar lesson covering nouns and gender

((Language nouns))

[[Category:German grammar|Nouns]]
[[Category:German declension|Nouns]]
[[Category:Nouns by language]]

[[de:Deutsche Deklination#Substantive]]

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Return to German nouns.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nouns"