Marie Gertrude Rand Ferree (October 29, 1886 – June 30, 1970) was an American research scientist who is known for her extensive body of work about color perception. Her work included "mapping the retina for its perceptional abilities", "developing new instruments and lamps for ophthalmologists", and "detection and measurement of color blindness".[1] Rand, with LeGrand H. Hardy and M. Catherine Rittler, developed the HRR pseudoisochromatic color test.[2]
and was one of only five women members of the first Optica Fellow class.[6] In 1959, she became the first woman to receive the Optical Society of America's Edgar D. Tillyer Medal.[7][8]
Early life and education
Rand was born on October 29, 1886, in Brooklyn, New York. Her father, Lyman Fiske Rand, was the manager of a manufacturing company. Rand graduated from the Educated Girls High School in Brooklyn in 1904[1] and received her undergraduate B.A. degree in experimental psychology from Cornell University in 1908. She went on to receive her MA and PhD in psychology in 1911 from Bryn Mawr College. Her dissertation, under the supervision of the experimental psychologist Clarence E. Ferree, was titled “The factors that influence the sensitivity of the retina to color: A quantitative study and methods of standardizing.”[1][8]
Rand married her former supervisor, Ferree, in 1918, but retained her maiden name professionally. They worked together until his death in 1943.[1]
Career and research
After receiving her degree, Rand continued at Bryn Mawr as a postdoctoral fellow. In 1912, she became a Sarah Berliner Research Fellow from the Associate of Collegiate Alumni, now the American Association of University Women.[7] From 1913 till 1927, she worked in experimental psychology at Bryn Mawr, where she was a professor and researcher.[9] At Bryn Mawr, Rand's research focused on developing techniques for measuring the light sensitivity and color discrimination of different parts of the retina. She and her husband Ferree created a map of the retina known as the Ferree-Rand perimeter.[8][1]
In 1928, she left Bryn Mawr to join work for the Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. There, she taught as an associate professor, first research ophthalmology and later physiological optics.[8] Together with her husband Ferree, she developed a vision research laboratory. She became the Director of the Research Laboratory of Physiological Optics in 1935. At Johns Hopkins, Rand took on many projects, many involving industrial lighting.[9]
Upon her husband's death in 1943, Rand moved to New York City as a research associate at Columbia University’s Knapp Foundation of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. She retired in 1957.[8] Along with collaborators Legrand Hardy and M. Catherine Rittler, she researched the detection and assessment of color blindness and developed the Hardy-Rand-Rittler plate,[9] known as the HRR pseudo-isochromatic color blindness test.[2]
She received the Optical Society’s Edgar D. Tillyer Medal in 1959, the first woman to do so.[1][9] Rand was also a member of the first class of OSA Fellows in 1959, one of only five of the 115 members included in this first class.[10]
^ abCole, B. L., Lian, K.-Y. and Lakkis, C. (2006), The new Richmond HRR pseudoisochromatic test for colour vision is better than the Ishihara test. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 89: 73–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00015.x
^The Book of Women's Firsts: Breakthrough Achievements of Almost 1,000 American Women by Phyllis J. Read and Bernard L. Witlieb, Random House, 1992
^History of the Fellowships Awarded by the AAUW, 1888–1929 by Margaret Maltby, AAUW, 1929
