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((Short description|Family of flowering plants including African violets))
((Automatic taxobox
|image = PikiWiki Israel 32204 Saintpaulia Ionantha.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Streptocarpus ionanthus]]'' (an [[Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia|African violet]]) - a common household plant and a member of the family
|taxon = Gesneriaceae
|authority = [[Louis Claude Richard|Rich.]] & [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] in [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC]], nom. cons.<ref name=IPNI_30000905-2/><ref name=WierTurlBarrGreu18/>
|subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
|subdivision = [[#Subfamilies|See text]].
))
[[File:Haberlea rhodopensis0.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Haberlea rhodopensis]]'' flowers]]
[[File:Corytoplectus capitatus.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Corytoplectus|Corytoplectus capitatus]]'' is a large plant with fruit that are black berries.]]
[[File:Ramonda myconi MHNT.BOT.2011.18.7.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ramonda myconi]]'' fruit are dry dehiscent capsules.]]

'''Gesneriaceae''', the '''gesneriad family''',<ref name=EB/><ref name = EoL/> is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species<ref name=ChristenhuszByng2016/> in the tropics and subtropics of the [[Old World]] (almost all [[Didymocarpoideae]]) and the [[New World]] (most [[Gesnerioideae]]), with a very small number extending to temperate areas. Many species have colorful and showy flowers and are cultivated as ornamental plants.

==Etymology==
The family name is based on the genus ''[[Gesneria]]'', which honours [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[naturalist]] and [[humanism|humanist]] [[Conrad Gessner]].<ref name=HyamPank95p209/>

==Description==
((more citations needed|section|date=April 2021))
Most species are [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]] or [[subshrub]]s but a few are woody shrubs or small [[tree]]s. The [[phyllotaxy]] is usually opposite and [[decussate]], but leaves have a spiral or alternate arrangement in some groups.  As with other members of the [[Lamiales]] the flowers have a (usually) [[zygomorphic]] corolla whose petals are fused into a tube and there is no one character that separates a gesneriad from any other member of Lamiales.<ref name = "EoL"/> Gesneriads differ from related families of the Lamiales in having an unusual inflorescence structure, the "pair-flowered cyme", but some gesneriads lack this characteristic, and some other Lamiales ([[Calceolariaceae]] and some [[Scrophulariaceae]]) share it.  The ovary can be superior, half-inferior or fully inferior, and the fruit a dry or fleshy capsule or a [[berry (botany)|berry]]. The [[seed]]s are always small and numerous. Gesneriaceae have traditionally been separated from Scrophulariaceae by having a [[Locule|unilocular]] rather than bilocular ovary, with parietal rather than axile placentation.

==Taxonomy==
"Gesneriaceae" is a [[conserved name]] (''nom. cons.''),<ref name=WierTurlBarrGreu18/> meaning that although alternative, less well used names for the family were published earlier, the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]] specifies this as the name to be used. It was published by [[Louis Claude Richard]] and [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] in 1816.<ref name=IPNI_30000905-2/> In 1829, [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Barthélemy Dumortier]] divided the family into two tribes, based on the number of stamens.<ref name=Dumo29/> However, the only genus he placed in his two-stamen tribe, ''[[Columellia]]'', is now placed in the separate family [[Columelliaceae]].<ref name=POWO_331507-2/> Dumortier's publication has been treated as the first for the family by some sources.<ref name=APGIV/>

Botanists who have made significant contributions to the systematics of the family are [[George Bentham]], [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|Robert Brown]], [[B.L. Burtt]], [[C.B. Clarke]], [[Olive Mary Hilliard]], [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], [[William Jackson Hooker]], [[Karl Fritsch]], [[Elmer Drew Merrill]], [[Harold E. Moore Jr.]], [[John L. Clark]], [[Conrad Vernon Morton]], [[Henry Nicholas Ridley]], [[Laurence Skog]], [[W.T. Wang]], [[Anton Weber]], and [[Hans Wiehler]].((citation needed|date=April 2021)) The [[Gesneriad Society]] is an international horticultural society devoted to the promotion, cultivation, and study of Gesneriaceae.<ref name=GS/>

===Phylogeny===
From about 1997 onwards, [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies led to extensive changes in the classification of  the family Gesneriaceae and its genera, many of which have been [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|re-circumscribed]] or [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymized]]. New species are still being discovered, particularly in Asia, and may further change generic boundaries. A consensus phylogeny used to build classifications of the family in 2013 and 2020 is shown below (to the level of tribes). The family [[Calceolariaceae]] is shown as the sister to Gesneriaceae.<ref name=WebeClarMoll13/><ref name=WebeMiddClarMoll20/>
((clade
|1=((clade
   |1=''[[Peltanthera]]''
   |2=[[Calceolariaceae]]
   |3=((clade|label1=Gesneriaceae|1=((clade<!--dummy clade for layout purposes-->
      |1=Sanangoideae (''[[Sanango]]'')
      |2=((clade
         |label1=[[Gesnerioideae]]
         |1=((clade
            |1=Titanotricheae (''[[Titanotrichum]]'')
            |2=((clade
               |1=Napeantheae (''[[Napeanthus]]'')
               |2=Beslerieae
               ))
            |3=((clade
               |1=Coronanthereae
               |2=Gesnerieae
               ))
            ))
         |label2=[[Didymocarpoideae]]
         |2=((clade
            |1=Epithemateae
            |2=Trichosporeae
            ))
         ))
      ))))
   ))
))
A [[Phylogenomics|phylogenomic]] study published in 2021 which used 418 nuclear genes confirmed the [[monophyly]] of all the subfamilies and tribes. It resolved ''Peltanthera'' as sister to a clade of Calceolariaceae and Gesneriaceae. Within the Gesnerioideae, Napeantheae rather than Titanotricheae was found to be sister to the remaining tribes. The position of Titanotricheae varied according to the method used to build the cladogram, which the authors suggested was due to [[incomplete lineage sorting]] following rapid divergence. The phylogenetic position of ''Titanotrichum'' remains unsettled.<ref name=OgutChriNishSala21/>
{|style="background: transparent;"
|-
!Concatenation-based !! Coalescent-based
|-
|((clade
|label1=[[Gesnerioideae]]
|1=((clade
   |1=Napeantheae (''[[Napeanthus]]'')
   |2=((clade
      |1=((clade
         |1=Titanotricheae (''[[Titanotrichum]]'')
         |2=Beslerieae
         ))
      |2=((clade
         |1=Coronanthereae
         |2=Gesnerieae
         ))
      ))
   ))
))
|((clade
|label1=[[Gesnerioideae]]
|1=((clade
   |1=Napeantheae (''[[Napeanthus]]'')
   |2=((clade
      |1=Beslerieae
      |2=((clade
         |1=Titanotricheae (''[[Titanotrichum]]'')
         |2=((clade
            |1=Coronanthereae
            |2=Gesnerieae
            ))
         ))
      ))
   ))
))
|}
The genus ''Sanango'' has not always been included in Gesneriaceae. However, molecular phylogenetic studies published up to and including 2021 suggest that it does belong in the family as the most basal member, and it is placed in its own subfamily. The studies also show the genus ''[[Peltanthera]]'' to be outside the family,<ref name=WebeMiddClarMoll20/><ref name=OgutChriNishSala21/> although some sources still place it within the Gesneriaceae.<ref name=POWO_331836-2/> The genus ''[[Rehmannia]]'' has also sometimes been included in the family but is now referred to the family [[Orobanchaceae]].<ref name=POWO_331898-2/>

No single morphological feature absolutely divides two main subfamilies (i.e. forms a uniform [[Synapomorphy and apomorphy|synapomorphy]]). Gesnerioideae seedlings have normal [[cotyledon]]s of the same size and shape (isocotylous). The cotyledons of Didymocarpoideae are usually, but not always, eventually different in size and shape (anisocotylous). One cotyledon ceases to grow and withers away, while the other continues to grow, and may even form a very large leaf that is the only one the plant has (''[[Monophyllaea]]'', some ''[[Streptocarpus]]''). Gesnerioideae flowers usually have four fertile [[stamen]]s, rarely two or five. Didymocarpoideae flowers usually have two fertile stamens, less often four, rarely one or five.<ref name=WebeMiddClarMoll20/>

===Subfamilies and genera===
((anchor|Subfamilies|Genera))
[[Image:KlugiaWynaad.jpg|thumb|''[[Rhynchoglossum|Rhynchoglossum notonianum]]'']]
On the basis of [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]], morphological and biogeographical differences, the family has been divided into two major subfamilies: subfamily [[Didymocarpoideae]] (formerly Cyrtandroideae) with all but one species from the [[Old World]], and subfamily [[Gesnerioideae]] native from the Americas west through the Pacific to Australia and southeastern China. The genus ''Sanango'' is placed in its own subfamily, Sanangoideae. The two main subfamilies are further divided into tribes and subtribes.<ref name=WebeMiddClarMoll20/>

Genera accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]] (PoWO) ((as of|lc=yes|2021|April)) are listed below,<ref name=POWO_30000905-2/> together with their placement in a subfamily and tribe by Weber ''et al.'' (2020).<ref name=WebeMiddClarMoll20/> Three genera are listed by PoWO but not by Weber ''et al.'': ''[[Coptocheile]]'' <small>Hoffmanns.</small> (doubtfully placed in Gesneriaceae), ''Parakohleria'' <small>Wiehler</small> (now included in ''[[Pearcea]]'') and ''[[Peltanthera]]'' <small>Benth.</small> (excluded from Gesneriaceae by molecular phylogenetic studies).
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Gesneriaceae genera
|-
! Genus !! Subfamily: Tribe
|-
|''[[Achimenes]]'' <small>P.Browne</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Aeschynanthus]]'' <small>Jack</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Agalmyla]]'' <small>Blume</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Allocheilos]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Alloplectus]]'' <small>Mart.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Allostigma]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Alsobia]]'' <small>Hanst.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Amalophyllon]]'' <small>Brandegee</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Anetanthus]]'' <small>Hiern ex Benth. & Hook.f.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
|-
|''[[Anna (plant)|Anna]]'' <small>Pellegr.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Asteranthera]]'' <small>Hanst.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
|-
|''[[Beccarinda]]'' <small>Kuntze</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Bellonia]]'' <small>L.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Besleria]]'' <small>Plum. ex L.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
|-
|''[[Billolivia]]'' <small>D.J.Middleton</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Boea]]'' <small>Comm. ex Lam.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Boeica]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Briggsiopsis]]'' <small>K.Y.Pan</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Cathayanthe]]'' <small>Chun</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Centrosolenia]]'' <small>Benth.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Championia]]'' <small>Gardner</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Chautemsia]]'' <small>A.O.Araujo & V.C.Souza</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Chayamaritia]]'' <small>D.J.Middleton & Mich.Möller</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Christopheria]]'' <small>J.F.Sm. & J.L.Clark</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Chrysothemis (plant)|Chrysothemis]]'' <small>Decne.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Cobananthus]]'' <small>Wiehler</small>)||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Codonanthe]]'' <small>(Mart.) Hanst.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Codonanthopsis]]'' <small>Mansf.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Codonoboea]]'' <small>Ridl.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Columnea]]'' <small>Plum. ex L.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Conandron]]'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Corallodiscus]]'' <small>Batalin</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Coronanthera]]'' <small>Vieill. ex C.B.Clarke</small>||Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
|-
|''[[Corytoplectus]]'' <small>Oerst.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Crantzia]]'' <small>Scop.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Cremersia (plant)|Cremersia]]'' <small>Feuillet & L.E.Skog</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Cremosperma]]'' <small>Benth.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
|-
|''[[Cremospermopsis]]'' <small>L.E.Skog & L.P.Kvist</small>||Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
|-
|''[[Cyrtandra (plant)|Cyrtandra]]'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Damrongia]]'' <small>Kerr ex Craib</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Deinostigma]]'' <small>W.T.Wang & Z.Y.Li</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Depanthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>||Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
|-
|''[[Diastema (plant)|Diastema]]'' <small>Benth.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Didissandra]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Didymocarpus]]'' <small>Wall.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Didymostigma]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Dorcoceras]]'' <small>Bunge</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Drymonia (plant)|Drymonia]]'' <small>Mart.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Emarhendia]]'' <small>Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.Burtt</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Episcia]]'' <small>Mart.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Epithema]]'' <small>Blume</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
|-
|''[[Eucodonia]]'' <small>Hanst.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Fieldia (plant)|Fieldia]]'' <small>A.Cunn.</small><br />(incl. ''Lenbrassia'' <small>G.W.Gillett</small>)||Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
|-
|''[[Gasteranthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
|-
|''[[Gesneria]]'' <small>Plum. ex L.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Glabrella]]'' <small>Mich.Möller & W.H.Chen</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Glossoloma]]'' <small>Hanst.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Gloxinella]]'' <small>(H.E.Moore) Roalson & Boggan</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Gloxinia (genus)|Gloxinia]]'' <small>L'Hér.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Gloxiniopsis]]'' <small>Roalson & Boggan</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Goyazia]]'' <small>Taub.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Gyrocheilos]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Gyrogyne]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
|-
|''[[Haberlea]]'' <small>Friv.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Hemiboea]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Henckelia]]'' <small>Spreng.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Heppiella]]'' <small>Regel</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Hexatheca]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Jerdonia (plant)|Jerdonia]]'' <small>Wight</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Kaisupeea]]'' <small>B.L.Burtt</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Kohleria]]'' <small>Regel</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Lampadaria]]'' <small>Feuillet & L.E.Skog</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Lembocarpus]]'' <small>Leeuwenb.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Leptoboea]]'' <small>Benth.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Lesia (plant)|Lesia]]'' <small>J.L.Clark & J.F.Sm.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Liebigia]]'' <small>Endl.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Litostigma]]'' <small>Y.G.Wei, F.Wen & Mich.Möller</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Loxocarpus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Loxonia]]'' <small>Jack</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
|-
|''[[Loxostigma]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Lysionotus]]'' <small>D.Don</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Mandirola]]'' <small>Decne.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Metapetrocosmea]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Microchirita]]'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Yin Z.Wang</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Middletonia (plant)|Middletonia]]'' <small>C.Puglisi</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Mitraria]]'' <small>Cav.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
|-
|''[[Monophyllaea]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
|-
|''[[Monopyle]]'' <small>Moritz ex Benth. & Hook.f.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Moussonia (plant)|Moussonia]]'' <small>Regel</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Napeanthus]]'' <small>Gardner</small>||Gesnerioideae: Napeantheae
|-
|''[[Nautilocalyx]]'' <small>Linden ex Hanst.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Negria]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
|-
|''[[Nematanthus]]'' <small>Schrad.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Neomortonia]]'' <small>Wiehler</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Niphaea]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Nomopyle]]'' <small>Roalson & Boggan</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Oerstedina]]'' <small>Wiehler</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Orchadocarpa]]'' <small>Ridl.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Oreocharis (plant)|Oreocharis]]'' <small>Benth.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Ornithoboea]]'' <small>C.S.P.Parish ex C.B.Clarke</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Pachycaulos]]'' <small>J.L.Clark & J.F.Sm.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Pagothyra]]'' <small>(Leeuwenb.) J.F.Sm. & J.L.Clark</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Paliavana]]'' <small>Vell. ex Vand.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Paraboea]]'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Ridl.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Paradrymonia]]'' <small>Hanst.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Pearcea]]'' <small>Regel</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Petrocodon]]'' <small>Hance</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Petrocosmea]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Pheidonocarpa]]'' <small>L.E.Skog</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Phinaea]]'' <small>Benth.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Platystemma]]'' <small>Wall.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Primulina]]'' <small>Hance</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Pseudochirita]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Rachunia]]'' <small>D.J.Middleton & C.Puglisi</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Ramonda (plant)|Ramonda]]'' <small>Rich.</small><br />(incl. ''Jankaea'' <small>Boiss.</small>)||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Raphiocarpus]]'' <small>Chun</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Reldia]]'' <small>Wiehler</small>||Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
|-
|''[[Resia (plant)|Resia]]'' <small>H.E.Moore</small>||Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
|-
|''[[Rhabdothamnopsis]]'' <small>Hemsl.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Rhabdothamnus]]'' <small>A.Cunn.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
|-
|''[[Rhoogeton]]'' <small>Leeuwenb.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Rhynchoglossum]]'' <small>Blume</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
|-
|''[[Rhynchotechum]]'' <small>Blume</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Rhytidophyllum]]'' <small>Mart.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Ridleyandra]]'' <small>A.Weber & B.L.Burtt</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Rufodorsia]]'' <small>Wiehler</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Sanango]]'' <small>G.S.Bunting & J.A.Duke</small>||Sanangoideae
|-
|''[[Sarmienta]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Coronanthereae
|-
|''[[Seemannia]]'' <small>Regel</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Senyumia]]'' <small>Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.Burtt</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Sepikea]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Shuaria]]'' <small>D.A.Neill & J.L.Clark</small>||Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
|-
|''[[Sinningia]]'' <small>Nees</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Smithiantha]]'' <small>Kuntze</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Solenophora]]'' <small>Benth.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Somrania]]'' <small>D.J.Middleton</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Spelaeanthus]]'' <small>Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.Burtt</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Sphaerorrhiza]]'' <small>Roalson & Boggan</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Stauranthera]]'' <small>Benth.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
|-
|''[[Streptocarpus]]'' <small>Lindl.</small><br />(incl. ''Saintpaulia'' <small>H.Wendl.</small>)||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Tetraphyllum]]'' <small>Griff. ex C.B.Clarke</small><br />(syn. ''Tetraphylloides'' <small>Doweld</small>)||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Titanotrichum]]'' <small>Soler.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Titanotricheae
|-
|''[[Tribounia]]'' <small>D.J.Middleton</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Trichosporeae
|-
|''[[Trichodrymonia]]'' <small>Oerst.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Tylopsacas]]'' <small>Leeuwenb.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Beslerieae
|-
|''[[Vanhouttea]]'' <small>Lem.</small>||Gesnerioideae: Gesnerieae
|-
|''[[Whytockia]]'' <small>W.W.Sm.</small>||Didymocarpoideae: Epithemateae
|}

==Ecology==
About half of the New World species (i.e. the subfamily Gesnerioideae) are co-adapted to [[Ornithophily|bird pollination]], particularly by [[hummingbird]]s in the Americas. Bird-pollinated species typically have two-lipped flowers in shades of red; examples are found in the genera ''[[Asteranthera]]'', ''[[Columnea]]'' and ''[[Sinningia]]''. Among Old World genera, ''[[Aeschynanthus]]'' has similar flowers.<ref name=Morl78/>
<gallery mode=packed heights=160px caption="Typical appearance of bird-pollinated flowers">
File:Estrellita del Monte Parque Nacional Hornopirén 02.jpg|''[[Asteranthera|Asteranthera ovata]]''
File:Columnea microphylla (14604475109).jpg|''[[Columnea microphylla]]''
File:Sinningia sceptrum — João de Deus Medeiros 001.jpg|''[[Sinningia sceptrum]]''
File:IMG 7323-Aeschynanthus speciosus.jpg|''[[Aeschynanthus speciosus]]''
</gallery>

==Cultivation==
Some genera in the family are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, both as garden plants and as [[houseplant]]s. Such genera include: ''[[Aeschynanthus]]'', ''[[Achimenes]]'', ''[[Columnea]]'', ''[[Gesneria]]'', ''[[Haberlea]]'', ''[[Nematanthus]]'' (syn. ''Hypocyrta''), ''[[Ramonda (plant)|Ramonda]]'', and ''[[Streptocarpus]]'' (Cape primroses, African violets).<ref name=Morl78/> One of the most familiar members of the family to gardeners are the African violets in [[Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia|''Streptocarpus'' section ''Saintpaulia'']].  Gesneriads are divided culturally into three groups on the basis of whether, and how, their stems are modified into storage organs: [[Rhizome|rhizomatous]], [[tuber]]ous, and "fibrous-rooted", meaning those that lack such storage structures (although all gesneriads have fibrous roots).((citation needed|date=April 2021))

==References==
((Reflist|refs=
<ref name=APGIV>((Citation |mode=cs1 |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group  |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

<ref name=ChristenhuszByng2016>((cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=M. J. M. |last2=Byng |first2=J. W. |year=2016 |title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=261 |pages=201–217 |url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 |issue=3 |doi-access = free ))</ref>

<ref name=Dumo29>((Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Dumortier |first1=B.-C. |date=1829 |title=Analyse des Familles de Plantes: avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent |publication-place=Tournay |publisher=J. Casterman |oclc=1116096010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eUkAAAAYAAJ |access-date=2021-04-13 |page=30 |language=fr))</ref>

<ref name=EB>((cite web |title=Gesneriaceae - plant family |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Gesneriaceae))</ref>

<ref name=EoL>((cite web |title=Gesneriads |website=Encyclopedia of Life |url=https://eol.org/pages/4423/details))</ref>

<ref name=GS>((Cite web |title=The Gesneriad Society |url=https://www.gesneriadsociety.org/ |access-date=2021-04-11 ))</ref>

<ref name=HyamPank95p209>((Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hyam |first1=R. |last2=Pankhurst |first2=R. J. |year=1995 |title=Plants and their names : a concise dictionary |publication-place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866189-4 |name-list-style=amp )) p. 209.</ref>

<ref name=IPNI_30000905-2>((cite web |title=''Gesneriaceae'' Rich. & Juss&period; |work=[[International Plant Names Index|The International Plant Names Index]] |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/30000905-2 |access-date=2021-04-13 ))</ref>

<ref name=Morl78>((Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Morley |first1=B. |date=1978 |editor1-last=Heywood |editor1-first=V.H. |editor2-last=Moore |editor2-first=D.M. |editor3-last=Richardson |editor3-first=I.B.K. |editor4-last=Stearn |editor4-first=W.T. |contribution=Gesneriaceae |title=Flowering Plants of the World |pages=246–248 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-217674-5 |name-list-style=amp ))</ref>

<ref name=OgutChriNishSala21>((Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Ogutcen |first1=Ezgi |last2=Christe |first2=Camille |last3=Nishii |first3=Kanae |last4=Salamin |first4=Nicolas |last5=Möller |first5=Michael |last6=Perret |first6=Mathieu |date=2021 |title=Phylogenomics of Gesneriaceae using targeted capture of nuclear genes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=157 |page=107068 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107068 |pmid=33422648 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free ))</ref>

<ref name=POWO_331836-2>((cite web |title=''Peltanthera'' Benth&period; |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331836-2 |access-date=2021-04-11 ))</ref>

<ref name=POWO_331898-2>((cite web |title=''Rehmannia'' Libosch. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey&period; |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331898-2 |access-date=2021-04-11 ))</ref>

<ref name=POWO_331507-2>((cite web |title=''Columellia'' Ruiz & Pav&period; |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331507-2 |access-date=2021-04-13 ))</ref>

<ref name=POWO_30000905-2>((cite web |title=Gesneriaceae Dumort&period; |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000905-2 |access-date=2021-04-11 ))</ref>

<ref name=WebeClarMoll13>((Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Weber |first1=A. |last2=Clark |first2=J. L. |last3=Möller |first3=M. |date=2013 |title=A new formal classification of Gesneriaceae |journal=Selbyana |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=68–94 |jstor=24894283 |name-list-style=amp ))</ref>

<ref name=WebeMiddClarMoll20>((Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Weber |first1=A. |last2=Middleton |first2=D. J. |last3=Clark |first3=J. L. |last4=Möller |first4=M. |date=2020 |title=Keys to the infrafamilial taxa and genera of Gesneriaceae |journal=Rheedea |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=5–47 |doi=10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free ))</ref>

<ref name=WierTurlBarrGreu18>((Citation |mode=cs1 |editor1-last=Wiersema |editor1-first=J.H. |editor2-last=Turland |editor2-first=N.J. |editor3-last=Barrie |editor3-first=F.R. |editor4-last=Greuter |editor4-first=W. |editor5-last=Hawksworth |editor5-first=D.L. |editor6-last=Herendeen |editor6-first=P.S. |editor7-last=Knapp |editor7-first=S. |editor8-last=Kusber |editor8-first=W.-H. |editor9-last=Li |editor9-first=D.-Z. |editor10-last=Marhold |editor10-first=K. |editor11-last=May |editor11-first=T.W. |editor12-last=McNeill |editor12-first=J. |editor13-last=Monro |editor13-first=A.M. |editor14-last=Prado |editor14-first=J. |editor15-last=Price |editor15-first=M.J. |editor16-last=Smith |editor16-first=G.F. |date=2018 |orig-year=continuously updated |contribution=Gesneriaceae |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017: Appendices I–VII |contribution-url=https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/codes-proposals/display_new.cfm?prop_num=Gesneriaceae |access-date=2021-04-12 |name-list-style=amp ))</ref>
))

==External links==
((Commons category))
((Wikispecies))
*[http://persoon.si.edu/gesneriaceae/checklist/ World Checklist of Gesneriaceae]
*[http://www.genera-gesneriaceae.at/ Genera of Gesneriaceae]
*[http://gesneriads.ca/ Gesneriad Reference Web]
*[http://www.gesneriads.ca/Articles/Weber%20-%20Scientific%20Overview/Gesneriaceae_Article_Weber.htm Gesneriaceae:  A Scientific Overview, by Prof. Anton Weber] (on the Gesneriad Reference Web)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093147/http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume18/GESNERIACEAE.published.pdf Gesneriaceae] in [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/ Flora of China]
*[http://www.gesneriadsociety.org/ The Gesneriad Society] (formerly the American Gloxinia and Gesneriad Society)
*[http://persoon.si.edu/gesneriaceae/bibliography/ Annotated Bibliography of the Gesneriaceae]
*[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/2/296 Phylogenetic relationships in the Gesnerioideae (Gesneriaceae) based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL-F and trnE-T spacer region sequences] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626061250/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/2/296 |date=2010-06-26 )) (link to abstract)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051204004535/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/6/1017 Evolution of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) in the Pacific Ocean: the origin of a supertramp clade]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211418/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/emuwebnswlive/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=39062&reftable=ebibliography Weber, A. 2004. Gesneriaceae and Scrophulariaceae: Robert Brown and now. ''Telopea'' 10(2): 543-571.]
*[http://www.gesneriaceae.eu/ Gesneriaceae: All you need to know about gesneriads.] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208131812/http://www.gesneriaceae.eu/ |date=2015-02-08 ))

((Angiosperm families))
((Taxonbar|from=Q156686))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Gesneriaceae| ]]
[[Category:Lamiales families]]

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