Girardia
Girardia sp.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Order: Tricladida
Family: Dugesiidae
Genus: Girardia
Ball, 1974
Species

See text

Girardia is a genus of freshwater planarians belonging to the family Dugesiidae.

Distribution

The genus Girardia is endemic to the Americas, from Argentina to Canada, although most species occur in South America. The only two species known to occur naturally in North America, Girardia tigrina and Girardia dorotocephala, have been introduced in other continents and islands.[1]

Description

Species of Girardia are very similar to species of other genera of Dugesiidae and few apomorphies that clearly define the genus are known.[1] One of the few exclusive characteristics is the presence of pigment granules in the outer pharyngeal wall.[2]

Until 1991 Girardia was considered a subgenus of Dugesia, then it was upgraded to the genus rank.[2] However, some works continued to use the old genus for some Girardia species, mainly for Girardia dorotocephala and Girardia tigrina.[3][4][5][6]

Species

Phylogeny

Girardia sp. specimen preserved in alcohol.

Phylogenetic tree including five dugesiid genera after Álvarez-Presas et al., 2008:[13]

Dugesiidae

References

  1. ^ a b Sluys, Ronald; Kawakatsu, Masaharu; Ponce de León, Rodrigo (2005). "Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: Contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 40 (2): 155–180. doi:10.1080/01650520500070220. ISSN 0165-0521. S2CID 85111893.
  2. ^ a b De Vries, E. J.; Sluys, R. (1991). "Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)". Journal of Zoology. 223 (1): 103–116. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04752.x.
  3. ^ Sheiman, I. M.; Kreshchenko, N. D.; Sedel'Nikov, Z. V.; Groznyi, A. V. (2004). "Morphogenesis in Planarians Dugesia tigrina". Russian Journal of Developmental Biology. 35 (4): 285–290. doi:10.1023/B:RUDO.0000036713.86633.c2. PMID 15487347. S2CID 37421242.
  4. ^ Lombardo, P.; Giustini, M.; Miccoli, F. P.; Cicolani, B. (2011). "Fine-scale differences in diel activity among nocturnal freshwater planarias (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)". Journal of Circadian Rhythms. 9: 2. doi:10.1186/1740-3391-9-2. PMC 3094315. PMID 21477354.
  5. ^ Hassall, C.; Hollinshead, J.; Hull, A. (2012). "Temporal dynamics of aquatic communities and implications for pond conservation" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 21 (3): 829. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0223-9. S2CID 383505.
  6. ^ Prados, J.; Alvarez, B.; Howarth, J.; Stewart, K.; Gibson, C. L.; Hutchinson, C. V.; Young, A. M. J.; Davidson, C. (2012). "Cue competition effects in the planarian". Animal Cognition. 16 (2): 177–186. doi:10.1007/s10071-012-0561-3. PMID 22976576. S2CID 18006796.
  7. ^ a b Hellmann, Lindsey; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2018). "Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics". Zootaxa. 4438 (3): 561–574. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.8. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30313136.
  8. ^ a b c Hellmann, Lindsey; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Rabelo, Lucas; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2020). "Enhancing the still scattered knowledge on the taxonomic diversity of freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) in caves from two Brazilian Biomes". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 57 (2): 1–16. doi:10.1080/01650521.2020.1829901. ISSN 0165-0521. S2CID 229476175.
  9. ^ Benítez-Álvarez, L.; Leria, L.; Fernández, R.; Mateos, E.; El Ouanighi, Y.; Bennas, N.; El Alami, M.; Yacoubi-Khebiza, M.; Ayt Ougougdal, H.; Riutort, M. (2023). "Phylotranscriptomics interrogation uncovers a complex evolutionary history for the planarian genus Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) in the Western Mediterranean". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 178: 107649. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107649. hdl:2445/193375. ISSN 1055-7903.
  10. ^ a b Morais, Ana Laura; Bichuette, Maria Elina; Chagas-Júnior, Amazonas; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (July 2021). "Under threat: Two new troglobitic species of Girardia (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) from sandstone and limestone caves in Brazil". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 293: 292–302. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2021.06.015. ISSN 0044-5231.
  11. ^ a b Souza, Stella; Morais, Ana Laura; Bichuette, Maria Elina; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2016). "Two new species of freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola) from South American caves". Zootaxa. 4092 (1): 107–121. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.6. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27394369.
  12. ^ Souza, Stella Teles; Nunes Morais, Ana Laura; Cordeiro, Lívia Medeiros; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2015). "The first troglobitic species of freshwater flatworm of the suborder Continenticola (Platyhelminthes) from South America". ZooKeys (470): 1–16. doi:10.3897/zookeys.470.8728. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4304035. PMID 25632242.
  13. ^ Álvarez-Presas, M.; Baguñà, J.; Riutort, M. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (2): 555–568. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032. PMID 18359250.
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