Girolamo Maiorica (Portuguese: Jerónimo Majorica; chữ Nôm: 支由尼模 梅烏栘𰙔,[1] chữ Hán: 梅烏理哥; Vietnamese alphabet: Giê-rô-ni-mô Mai-ô-ri-ca / Mai Ô Lý Ca; 1591–1656) was a 17th-century Italian Jesuit missionary to Vietnam.[2] He is known for compiling numerous Roman Catholic works written in the Vietnamese language's demotic chữ Nôm script, both on his own and with assistance from local converts.[3] Maiorica was one of the first authors of original Nôm prose.[4] His works are seen as a milestone in the history of Vietnamese literature.[5]

Biography

Maiorica was born in Naples, either in 1581, 1589, or 1591.[6] He entered the Jesuit order on 19 May 1605. He was ordained a priest by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine in Rome before heading to Lisbon en route to the Far East in 1619.[5]

Maiorica initially stopped in Goa, then arrived in Macau, intending to proselytize in Japan. However, by 1619, Japan had begun persecuting Christians, so he went instead to Makassar and remained there for a year. Afterwards, he returned to Macau and traveled to Fai-Fo (present-day Hội An) in 1624 in the same boat as Alexandre de Rhodes, João Cabral, and two or three other Jesuits.[7][6] Whereas de Rhodes studied Vietnamese under Francisco de Pina (1585–1625), Maiorica studied Vietnamese at the Jesuit residence in Nước Mặn (today An Nhơn District, Bình Định Province).[6][5] He proselytized in Đàng Trong (Cochinchina) from 1628, when his superiors sent him back to Macau en route to a new assignment in Japan. He was again unable to make the journey, this time due to poor weather. In 1630, he traveled to Champa, where he was quickly imprisoned. After a Portuguese merchant ransomed him, Maiorica made his way to Cửa Hàn (Danang) via Cambodia.[7][5]

On 19 October 1631, he went to Thăng Long (Hanoi) with Bernardino Reggio. The next year, Maiorica and Reggio started a printing press to print copies of Matteo Ricci's Chinese-language work, The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven, as well as a defense of the faith by Francesco Buzomi. The press was destroyed within several months.[8] Maiorica left Thăng Long for Kẻ Rum, in Nghệ country (xứ Nghệ, present-day Nghệ An), to seek converts in the hinterlands. He stopped writing in the early 1640s to focus on his pastoral duties.[5] In the early 1650s, he returned to Thăng Long to serve as the superior of the Tonkin missionary region. In 1653, he was promoted to provincial of the Jesuits' Japan Province (which included Tonkin, Đàng Trong, Makassar, Cambodia, and Hainan island).[9] Although this province was officially based out of Macau, Maiorica administered it from Thăng Long.[5] In January 1656, he fell ill in Thanh Hóa and died on 27 January 1656 in Thăng Long.[9]

Linguistic influence

All but one of the extant, 17th-century Christian works written in chữ Nôm can be positively attributed to Maiorica.[10] These works are seen as a vital resource for research into chữ Nôm, as well as historical dialects, vocabulary, and phonology of Vietnamese.[11] To translate Catholic theological concepts, Maiorica favored plain, commonly understood vocabulary over Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, even in cases where the latter would have been consistent with the terms used by his Jesuit colleagues in China. For example, he referred to God as Đức Chúa Trời Đất (literally, "Virtuous Lord of Heaven and Earth"; 德主𡗶坦) instead of Thiên Địa Chân Chúa 天地眞主 and to the Eucharist as Mình Thánh ("Holy Body"; 命聖) instead of Thánh Thể 聖體.[12] Today, Thiên Chúa 天主 and Thánh Thể 聖體 are the preferred terms, respectively. Many of the terms he coined would later become popular, such as sự thương khó 事傷𧁷 (passion), rỗi linh hồn 磊靈魂 (salvation of souls), tin kính 信敬 (to believe, appearing in the creeds), khiêm nhường chịu lụy 謙讓召累 (humility and submission), hằng sống 恒𤯩 (eternal life), cả sáng 奇創 (hallowed, appearing in the Lord's Prayer), etc.[5]

Scholarship

Historians made reference to Maiorica's works as early as the mid-17th century. Not long after he died, two official Jesuit publications, one published circa 1660–1673 and the other in 1676, also listed manuscripts under his name. For nearly three centuries after that, Western scholars paid very little attention to him. Philipphê Bỉnh (Felippe do Rosario), a Vietnamese Jesuit priest who spent his final years in Lisbon, provided additional important information about Maiorica's works. Apart from this, no new details emerged from then until the mid-20th century.

A major milestone in research on Maiorica occurred in 1951 when Jesuit historian Georg Schurhammer published an article regarding three early Christian authors in Vietnam: Maiorica, João Ketlâm (Gioan Thanh Minh), and Felippe do Rosario.[13] However, he was unaware that copies of Maiorica's works remain.

Schurhammer's investigation was of interest to researcher Hoàng Xuân Hãn, who was in Europe at the time and read the article. He coincidentally encountered a set of manuscripts that he considered very likely to have been written by Maiorica. This discovery elicited excitement among Vietnamese historians, and several individuals published transliterated reproductions of these works. In the half century since then, progress has been made in verifying the authenticity of, preserving, transliterating, and publishing Maiorica's works, which once were assumed to be completely lost.[14]

Bibliography

Maiorica "left a significant body of writings",[15] being credited as the main author of 45 or 48 Nôm works.[4][16] Exchanges of letters between Jesuits and from the text itself make clear that the works were written with the assistance of Vietnamese converts. Almost all of these contributors were catechists (called thầy giảng); they were literate and were usually esteemed members of the community before they converted to Christianity.[17] Maiorica's works can be divided into four basic genres: hagiographies, stories adapted from scripture, sermons, and catechetical writings. These works were generally written in prose, except for some prayers written in verse.[18] He translated, adapted, or composed works based on a variety of sources: official Church documents (such as the Vulgate and Roman Missal), writings by Church Fathers, Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica, works by fellow Jesuits, and hagiographical books and lore.[19]

Today, only 15 of Maiorica's works remain, totalling 4,200 pages and 1.2 million Nôm characters.[11][20] A majority is archived in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.[16]

Most of Maiorica's works are titled in Literary Chinese, even though the contents are written in chữ Nôm. This was a common practice for many chữ Nôm works where the title was formally written in Literary Chinese, but the text is written in Vietnamese. Some texts that were attributed to Maiorica were identified by a phrase that appears in the beginning of some texts, Giê-su hội sĩ Giê-rô-ni-mô Mai-ô-ri-ca thuật 支秋㑹士支由尼模梅烏移𰙔述 (As narrated by Geronimo Maiorica, scholar of the Society of Jesus).[1]

The phrase appears on the second row from the right, Giê-su hội sĩ Giê-rô-ni-mô Mai-ô-ri-ca thuật 技秋㑹士支由尼謨梅烏移𰙔述 (As narrated by Geronimo Maiorica, scholar of the Society of Jesus).

Additionally, Philipphê Bỉnh states in his writings that Maiorica also participated in an effort to translate the prayers of the Mass into Vietnamese.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (January 2006). "The Nôm works of Geronimo Maiorica, S.J. (1589–1656) and their Christology". ProQuest.
  2. ^ Jacques, Roland (2002). Portuguese pioneers of Vietnamese linguistics prior to 1650. p. 53. Girolamo Maiorica, in Portuguese Jerónimo Majorica (1591–1656) was missionary first in Cochinchina from 1624 to 1629, then in Tonkin, especially in the Nghệ An province, from 1631 till his death in 1656.
  3. ^ Ostrowski 2010, p. 23.
  4. ^ a b Võ Long Tê. "Lịch sử văn học Công giáo Việt Nam, Chương V – Văn học Công giáo chữ Nôm" [History of Catholic Vietnamese literature, Chapter V – Catholic literature in chữ Nôm] (in Vietnamese). Roman Catholic Diocese of Cần Thơ.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Nguyễn Hai Tính (2014-01-26). "Sơ lược về Cha Girolamo Maiorica" [Overview of Father Girolamo Maiorica]. Loan Báo Tin Mừng (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Province of the Society of Jesus. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
  6. ^ a b c Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1998). Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. 3. p. 240. In 1645 Joao Cabral (1598–1669), vice-provincial of the Japan province, and four other Jesuits joined Girolamo Majorica (1591–1656)
  7. ^ a b Ostrowski 2010, p. 24.
  8. ^ Alberts 2012, p. 390.
  9. ^ a b Ostrowski 2010, p. 25.
  10. ^ Ostrowski 2010, p. 23, note 25.
  11. ^ a b Lã Minh Hằng (2013). "Nguồn tư liệu từ vựng thế kỉ 17 qua khảo sát truyện ông Thánh Inaxu" [Understanding 17th-century vocabulary through the story of St. Ignatius] (in Vietnamese). Roman Catholic Diocese of Qui Nhơn.
  12. ^ Ostrowski 2010, p. 35.
  13. ^ Schurhammer 1951.
  14. ^ Ostrowski 2010, p. 25–26.
  15. ^ Gregorianum – Pontificia università gregoriana (Rome). p. 813 "Space does not allow treatment of other authors between the seventeenth and twentieth century, especially Girolamo Majorica, S.J. (1591–1656), who has left a significant body of writings.
  16. ^ a b Jacques, Roland (1998). "Le Portugal et la romanisation de la langue vietnamienne: Faut-il réécrire l'histoire ?" [Portugal and the romanization of the Vietnamese language: should history be rewritten?]. Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer (in French). 85 (318): 50. doi:10.3406/outre.1998.3600. A la mort de Jerónimo Mayorica en 1659, le supérieur qui lui rend un hommage posthume mentionne « la copieuse bibliothèque de 48 volumes qu'il a composés ou traduits dans la langue et dans l'ecriture du pays ». ... Girolamo Maiorica est un Jésuite italien missionnaire au Tonkin. Voir Hoàng Xuân Hãn, « Girolamo Majorica. Ses oeuvres en langue vietnamienne conservées à la Bibliothèque nationale de Paris », in Archivum Hisloricum Societatis lesu, 22, 1953, p. 203–214.
  17. ^ Ostrowski 2010, p. 27.
  18. ^ Ostrowski 2010, p. 29–30.
  19. ^ Ostrowski 2010, p. 32–33.
  20. ^ Nguyễn Thế Khoa 2016, p. 433: "Văn học Công giáo Việt Nam viết bằng chữ Nôm riêng trong thế kỉ 17 còn giữ được 4200 trang, với 1.200.000 chữ nôm. Ngay trong thế kỷ 17, Dòng Tên đã có một tác giả chữ Nôm rất lớn. Đó là Girolarmo Majorica, nhà truyền giáo gốc Italia..."
  21. ^ Nguyễn Long Thao (2011-01-10). "Nhân Tháng Mân Côi: Giải Thích Từ Mân Côi – Mai Khôi – Môi Khôi – Văn Côi Trong Kinh Sách Công giáo". VietCatholic News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2016-09-04.
  22. ^ Ostrowski 2010, p. 26.

Further reading

Categories