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((Other uses of|Gisborne))
((Use New Zealand English|date=March 2024))

((Use dmy dates|date=July 2016))

((Infobox settlement
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
| name                    = Gisborne
| native_name             = ((native name|mi|Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa))
| native_name_lang        = mri
| settlement_type         = [[Cities of New Zealand|City]]
| image_skyline           = Gisborne nz 1.jpg
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = Central and northeastern Gisborne viewed from Kaiti Hill
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = 
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = 
| pushpin_map             = New Zealand
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in New Zealand
| coordinates             = ((coord|38|39|45|S|178|1|4|E|display=inline,title))
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = New Zealand
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Gisborne District]]
| subdivision_type2       = 
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = 
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name             = Rehette Stoltz
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_footnotes    = <ref name="NZ_population_data_2018"/>
| population_total        = ((NZ population data 2018|Gisborne|y))
| population_as_of        = ((NZ population data 2018|||y))
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_note         = 
| timezone1               = [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]]
| utc_offset1             = +12
| timezone1_DST           = [[Time in New Zealand|NZDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +13
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 06
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = [http://www.gdc.govt.nz/ GDC.govt.nz]
| footnotes               = 
))

'''Gisborne''' is a [[List of cities in New Zealand|city]] in northeastern New Zealand and the largest settlement in the [[Gisborne District]] (or Gisborne Region). It has a population of ((NZ population data 2018|Gisborne|y|y|y|(|).)) [[Gisborne District Council]] has its headquarters in the central city.

==Etymology==
The Gisborne area was known in Māori as ''Tūranganui-a-Kiwa'' (the "great standing place of Kiwa"), after [[Kiwa (mythology)|Kiwa]], who arrived on the [[Waka (canoe)|waka]] ''[[Tākitimu]]'', which landed at Gisborne.<ref name="teara6"/> The original English language name for the settlement was ''Tūranga''. It was renamed ''Gisborne'' in 1870, in honour of New Zealand [[Colonial Secretary (New Zealand)|Colonial Secretary]] [[William Gisborne]], although he had no real connection with the area,<ref name=G1964>[https://1964.co.nz/gisborne/ “What is Gisborne called in te reo Maori?”.] ''1964''. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</ref> to avoid confusion with [[Tauranga]].<ref name="teara6">((cite web|author1=Monty Soutar |title=East Coast places – Gisborne|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/east-coast-places/page-6|website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=28 May 2016|date=25 March 2015))</ref>

==Early history==
((Main|History of the Gisborne District))
[[File:Te Tauihu 02.jpg|alt=An elaborate Māori carving painted reddish brown carved like the end of a waka canoe set into concrete |thumb|250x250px|Te Tauihu Tūranga Whakamana, a sculpture designed by Derek Lardelli and Te Aturangi Nepia-Clamp in the shape of a tauihu (canoe prow) to recognise the Māori ancestors who explored the Pacific Ocean by canoe well before the European [[Age of Discovery]]]]

===First arrivals===
The Gisborne region has been settled for over 700 years.<ref name="lonelyplanet">((cite web|title=History of Gisborne – Lonely Planet Travel Information|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/new-zealand/the-east-coast/gisborne/history|website=Lonely Planet|access-date=28 May 2016))</ref> For centuries, the region has been inhabited by the tribes of Te Whānau-a-Kai, [[Ngāriki Kaiputahi|Ngaariki Kaiputahi]], [[Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki]], [[Rongowhakaata]], [[Ngāi Tāmanuhiri]] and [[Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti]]. They descend from the voyagers of the Te Ikaroa-a-Rauru, Horouta and Tākitimu [[Waka (canoe)|waka]].<ref name="tearatribes">((cite web|title=Story: Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/turanganui-a-kiwa-tribes|website=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=28 May 2016))</ref>

East Coast oral traditions offer differing versions of Gisborne's establishment by [[Māori people|Māori]]. One legend recounts that in the 14th century the great navigator [[Kiwa (mythology)|Kiwa]] landed at the [[Tūranganui River (Gisborne)|Tūranganui River]] first on the waka [[Tākitimu]] after voyaging to the region from Hawaiki<ref name="trotak">((cite web|title=The People – History|url=http://www.trotak.iwi.nz/thepeople/history.php|website=Te Runanga o Turanganui a Kiwa|access-date=28 May 2016))</ref><ref name="ttours">((cite web|title=Gisborne History|url=http://www.tairawhititours.co.nz/history/|website=Tairāwhiti Tours|access-date=28 May 2016))</ref> and that Pāoa, captain of the waka [[Horouta]], followed later. An alternative legend recounts that Kiwa waited so long for the Horouta canoe to arrive that he called its final landing place ''Tūranganui-a-Kiwa'' (the long waiting place of Kiwa).<ref name="spedding">((cite book|last1=Spedding|first1=Michael|title=The Turanganui River: A Brief History|date=October 2006|publisher=Department of Conservation in association with NZ Historic Places Trust, Tairawhiti Museum and Eastland Port Co. Ltd|isbn=0-478-14120-3|pages=13–29 |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/conservation/historic/by-region/echb/turanganui-river-history.pdf|access-date=28 May 2016))</ref>

A more popular version of events is that Horouta ''preceded'' Tākitimu. In 1931, [[Sir Āpirana Ngata]] stated that Horouta was the main canoe that brought the people to the East Coast and that [[Ngāti Porou]] always regarded Takitimu as "an unimportant canoe".<ref name="echoes">((cite book|author1=Tairawhiti Māori Association|title=Echoes of the Pa: Tairawhiti Māori Association's Research Proceedings 1931–1932|date=1932|publisher=Gisborne Publishing Co.))</ref> Māori historian [[Rongowhakaata Halbert]] affirmed this account, stating that Paoa's crew on the Horouta were the first inhabitants of the East Coast after migrating from Ahuahu or [[Great Mercury Island]].<ref name="halbert">((cite book|last1=Halbert|first1=Rongowhakaata|title=Horouta : the history of the Horouta canoe, Gisborne and East Coast|date=1999|publisher=Reed, Auckland, N.Z.|isbn=0790006235|pages=26–28|chapter=The Horouta Canoe))</ref><ref name="mackay" /> Paoa gave his name to various places across the region, most notably the Waipāoa River (Wai-o-Pāoa).<ref name="tearatribes" />

During the 14th century, Māori tribes built fishing villages close to the sea and built [[pā]] on nearby hilltops.<ref name="ttours" />

=== Captain Cook landing===
[[File:Te Maro memorial.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Memorial for Te Maro]]

Gisborne's Kaiti Beach is the place where British navigator [[Captain James Cook]] made his first landing in New Zealand upon the ''[[HMS Endeavour|Endeavour]]''.<ref name="gdc">((cite web|title=Our district's history|url=http://www.gdc.govt.nz/our-districts-history/|website=Gisborne District Council|access-date=28 May 2016))</ref> Cook had earlier set off from [[Plymouth]], England, in August 1768 on a mission bound for [[Tahiti]]. Once he had concluded his duties in Tahiti, Cook continued south to look for a large landmass or continent, before heading west.<ref name="spedding" /><ref name="landingsite">((cite web|title=Historic Cook Landing Site|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/east-coast/places/gisborne-area/cook-landing-site/|website=Department of Conservation|access-date=28 May 2016))</ref> [[Young Nick's Head]] was thought to be the first piece of New Zealand land sighted by Cook's party, and so named because it was first observed by cabin boy Nicholas Young on 6 October 1769.<ref>((cite book |publisher=Cyclopedia Company Limited |title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Auckland Provincial District] |date=1902 |pages=960–1002 |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc02Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d6-d6.html|access-date=28 May 2016 |via=NZETC))</ref>

On 9 October, Cook came ashore on the eastern bank of the Tūranganui River, accompanied by a party of men.<ref name="spedding" /> Their arrival was marred by misunderstanding and resulted in the death and wounding of nine Māori over four days.
It was also on the banks of the Tūranganui River that first the township of Turanga, then the city of Gisborne, grew as European traders and whalers began to settle in the river and port area.<ref name="ttours" /><ref name="teara3">((cite web|title=Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes: Contacts and conflicts|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/turanganui-a-kiwa-tribes/page-3|website=Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=28 May 2016))</ref>

The landing site was commemorated by a monument in 1906, on the 137th anniversary of Cook's arrival. In 1964, the Gisborne committee of the [[Heritage New Zealand|New Zealand Historic Places Trust]] registered the land around the monument as a historic reserve, and in 1990 it was designated a [[National reserves of New Zealand|National Historic Reserve]] and put under the care of the [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]].<ref name="landingsite" /><ref name="tearacooksite">((cite web|author1=Nancy Swarbrick|title=Public history – Historic places and objects|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/44444/historic-sites-james-cook-landing-site|website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=28 May 2016|date=12 August 2014))</ref>

In 2019, a memorial was erected by Ngāti Oneone on Titirangi, a local hill, to honour Te Maro, who was one of the first casualties of the arrival of the ship Endeavour.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://teaomaori.news/ngati-oneone-re-tell-accurate-history-gisborne|title=Ngāti Oneone re-tell accurate history of Gisborne|last=Dewes|first=Marama|website=Māori Television|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31))</ref>

===European settlement and town growth===
Starting in the early 1830s, [[Merchant|traders]] such as Captain John Harris and [[George Read (New Zealand politician)|Captain George E. Read]] set up the first trading stations along the Tūranganui river and are attributed to the founding of the town. Over the next 30 years, many more European traders and [[missionaries]] migrated to the region. In 1868, the government bought 300 hectares of land for a town site. The town was laid out in 1870 and the name changed from ''Turanga'' to ''Gisborne'', after the then colonial secretary, and to avoid confusion with [[Tauranga]]. In 1872, Gisborne's first public school was opened and its first newspaper, the ''Poverty Bay Standard'' was established.<ref name="mackay">((cite book|last1=Mackay|first1=Joseph Angus|title=Historic Poverty Bay and the East Coast, N.I., N.Z.|date=1949|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-MacHist-t1-body-d38-d15.html))</ref> A town council was formed in 1877.<ref name="teara6" /><ref name="ttours" />

==Geography==
[[File:Gisborne location.jpg|thumb|left|250px|NASA satellite photo of Poverty Bay]]

Gisborne is on the east coast of New Zealand's [[North Island]], in the southern part of the [[Gisborne District]] and on the north side of [[Poverty Bay]]. The Poverty Bay flats encompass Gisborne city as well as surrounding areas Mākaraka, Matawhero and Ormond, where vineyards and farms predominate.<ref name="soutar-flats">((cite web|last1=Soutar|first1=Monty|title=East Coast places – Poverty Bay flats|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/east-coast-places/page-7 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=12 June 2016|date=25 March 2015))</ref> Gisborne is flat towards the shoreline, but hilly and forested inland.<ref name="stuff">((cite web|title=Holiday hotspot face-off: Bay of Plenty vs Gisborne |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/75656191/holiday-hotspot-faceoff-bay-of-plenty-vs-gisborne|website=Stuff|date=6 January 2016 |access-date=12 June 2016))</ref>

Gisborne boasts a large stretch of coastline encompassing the Waikanae and Midway, Kaiti, Sponge Bay, [[Wainui Beach|Wainui]] and Makorori white sand beaches, which are popular for swimming and surfing.<ref name="gdc-surf">((cite web|last1=Peryman|first1=Bailey|title=Surf Break Identification and Protection in the Gisborne District|url=http://www.gdc.govt.nz/assets/Files/Environmental-Planning/RCEP-Surf-Break-Report.pdf|website=Gisborne District Council|access-date=12 June 2016|date=June 2011))</ref> Sometimes referred to as the 'City of Rivers', Gisborne sits at the convergence of the Waimata, Taruheru and Tūranganui rivers.<ref name="soutar-rivers">((cite web|last1=Soutar|first1=Monty|title=East Coast places – Gisborne|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/33532/gisborne-city-of-rivers|website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=12 June 2016|date=15 November 2012))</ref> The Tūranganui, only 1.2 kilometres long, is the shortest river in New Zealand.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gdc.govt.nz/our-district/ |title=Our District |publisher=Gisborne District Council |access-date=14 January 2011 ))</ref>

[[Kaiti Hill]] (''Titirangi''), which sits directly above Cook's landing site,<ref name="doc-cook">((cite web|title=Cook Landing Site National Historic Reserve|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/about-doc/concessions-and-permits/conservation-revealed/cook-landing-site-lowres.pdf|website=Department of Conservation (Te Papa Atawhai)|access-date=12 June 2016))</ref> provides expansive views over the city and wider Poverty Bay.<ref name="gdc-titirangi">((cite web|title=Introducing Titirangi Reserve|url=http://www.gdc.govt.nz/assets/Files/Reserves-Plans/Titirangi/Chapter1IntroducingTitirangiReserve.pdf|website=Gisborne District Council|access-date=12 June 2016))</ref> Many archaeological sites have been identified on Titirangi, including burial grounds, [[Terrace (geology)|terraces]], and [[middens]]. Titirangi [[Pā]] sits near the summit.<ref name="titirangi">((cite news|title=Plans revealed for Kaiti Hill-Titirangi|url=http://gisborneherald.co.nz/localnews/2301684-135/plans-revealed-for-kaiti-hill-titirangi|access-date=12 June 2016|work=The Gisborne Herald|date=11 May 2016))((subscription required))</ref>

In the wider area surrounding Gisborne are two [[Arboretum|arboreta]], [[Eastwoodhill Arboretum|Eastwoodhill]], the National Arboretum of New Zealand at Ngatapa which spans over 130 hectares, and the smaller 50 hectare [[Hackfalls Arboretum]] at [[Tiniroto]].<ref name="mccarroll">((cite web|last1=McCarroll|first1=Jo|title=Gardens to visit around Gisborne|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/home-property/nz-gardener/79048775/Gardens-to-visit-around-Gisborne|website=New Zealand Gardener|publisher=Stuff|access-date=12 June 2016|date=22 April 2016))</ref><ref name="eastwoodhill">((cite web|title=Eastwoodhill – The National Arboretum of New Zealand|url=http://www.eastwoodhill.org.nz|website=Eastwoodhill|access-date=12 June 2016))</ref>

Until [[International Date Line#Samoan Islands and Tokelau (1892 and 2011)|Samoa and Tokelau's dateline shift]] in December 2011, Gisborne claimed to be the first city on Earth to see the sun rise each day. However, this is now only accurate in New Zealand's summer months.<ref name="handford">((cite news|last1=Handford|first1=Roger|title=Gisborne still first for the sun|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10776581|access-date=11 June 2016|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=4 January 2012))</ref> Sunrise in Gisborne ranges from 5:36&nbsp;am in early December to 7:26&nbsp;am in late June.<ref>((Cite web|title=Sunrise and sunset times in Gisborne|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/new-zealand/gisborne|access-date=2021-03-02|website=www.timeanddate.com|language=en))</ref>

===Climate===
The region is sheltered by high country to the west. Gisborne enjoys a [[Temperate climate|temperate]] [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] climate ([[Oceanic climate|Cfb]] – [[Köppen climate classification]]) with warm summers and cool winters, temperatures rarely drop below 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F) and occasionally rise above 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F)<ref>((Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/1039/|title=Climate Gisborne: Temperature, Climograph, Climate table for Gisborne - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2017-10-25))</ref> with a yearly average of 2,200 sunshine hours. The annual rainfall varies from about ((convert|1000|mm|in|abbr=on)) near the coast to over ((convert|2500|mm|in|abbr=on)) in higher inland country.<ref name=gisbornenz>((cite web|url=http://www.gisbornenz.co.nz/Gisborneweather.htm|title=Gisborne Weather|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716080723/http://www.gisbornenz.co.nz/Gisborneweather.htm|archive-date=16 July 2011))</ref> According to the [[NIWA]] dataset for 1981–2010 normals, Gisborne narrowly edged several other New Zealand cities to have the warmest summer maxima of official stations.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate/maxairtemp|title=Mean Daily Maximum Temperatures (°C)|date=28 February 2007 |publisher=NIWA|access-date=14 March 2015))</ref>

Winters are slightly cooler than more northerly areas, rendering that over the course of the calendar year, Gisborne is not the warmest station in the country.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate/meanairtemp|title=Mean monthly temperatures (°C)|date=28 February 2007 |publisher=NIWA|access-date=14 March 2015))</ref> Even summer mean temperatures are lower than in northerly areas, despite the highs, due to the cooler nights. Despite this, yearly mean temperatures are still some way above average for New Zealand as a whole.

((Weather box
|location = Gisborne (1981–2010 normals)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 38.1
|Feb record high C = 36.6
|Mar record high C = 35.1
|Apr record high C = 28.2
|May record high C = 26.1
|Jun record high C = 23.2
|Jul record high C = 21.2
|Aug record high C = 22.0
|Sep record high C = 24.9
|Oct record high C = 30.8
|Nov record high C = 32.3
|Dec record high C = 34.5
|year record high C = 38.1
|Jan high C = 24.9
|Feb high C = 24.2
|Mar high C = 22.6
|Apr high C = 19.9
|May high C = 17.1
|Jun high C = 14.7
|Jul high C = 14.1
|Aug high C = 14.9
|Sep high C = 16.8
|Oct high C = 19.0
|Nov high C = 21.3
|Dec high C = 23.3
|year high C = 19.5
|Jan mean C = 19.2
|Feb mean C = 19.1
|Mar mean C = 17.5
|Apr mean C = 14.8
|May mean C = 12.5
|Jun mean C = 10.3
|Jul mean C = 9.7
|Aug mean C = 10.4
|Sep mean C = 12.0
|Oct mean C = 13.9
|Nov mean C = 15.8
|Dec mean C = 18.1
|year mean C = 14.5
|Jan low C = 13.6
|Feb low C = 13.6
|Mar low C = 12.2
|Apr low C = 9.6
|May low C = 6.9
|Jun low C = 5.3
|Jul low C = 4.6
|Aug low C = 5.4
|Sep low C = 6.8
|Oct low C = 8.6
|Nov low C = 10.5
|Dec low C = 12.3
|year low C = 9.1
|Jan record low C = 3.7
|Feb record low C = 3.6
|Mar record low C = 2.6
|Apr record low C = 0.5
|May record low C = -1.3
|Jun record low C = -3.3
|Jul record low C = -3.2
|Aug record low C = -2.4
|Sep record low C = -1.1
|Oct record low C = -0.6
|Nov record low C = 1.2
|Dec record low C = 2.9
|year record low C = -3.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 54
|Feb precipitation mm = 78
|Mar precipitation mm = 99
|Apr precipitation mm = 103
|May precipitation mm = 97
|Jun precipitation mm = 125
|Jul precipitation mm = 119
|Aug precipitation mm = 93
|Sep precipitation mm = 101
|Oct precipitation mm = 63
|Nov precipitation mm = 65
|Dec precipitation mm = 67
|year precipitation mm = 1050
|Jan sun = 249.9
|Feb sun = 200.7
|Mar sun = 190.7
|Apr sun = 164.9
|May sun = 145.6
|Jun sun = 128.6
|Jul sun = 124.1
|Aug sun = 163.3
|Sep sun = 180.7
|Oct sun = 219.4
|Nov sun = 217.5
|Dec sun = 232.4
|year sun = 2217.7
|source 1 = NIWA Climate Data<ref name="niwa">((cite web
|url=http://www.niwa.co.nz/education-and-training/schools/resources/climate|title=Climate Data|date=28 February 2007 |access-date=14 November 2011
|publisher=NIWA))</ref>
|date=November 2011
|source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>((cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1988|title=Météo climat stats Records for Gisborne|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=25 March 2017))</ref>
))

==Demographics==
((historical populations
| title = Historical population of Gisborne District<ref name="2013census">((cite web |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/tables-about-a-place.aspx?request_value=24440&tabname=Culturaldiversity |title= 2013 Census tables about a place: Gisborne District |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date= 1 February 2016))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/7cf46ae26dcb6800cc256a62000a2248/4c2567ef00247c6acc256aff00093231?OpenDocument |title=1996 Census of Population and Dwellings – Census Night Population |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date=1 February 2016 |date=28 February 1997 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213015502/http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/7cf46ae26dcb6800cc256a62000a2248/4c2567ef00247c6acc256aff00093231?OpenDocument |archive-date=13 February 2016 |df=dmy-all ))</ref>
| yeartitle = [[New Zealand census|Census]]
|1986 | 45,758
|1991 | 44,361
|1996 | 45,962
|2001 | 43,971
|2006 | 44,463
|2013 | 43,656
))The Gisborne urban area had a usual resident population of 34,527 at the [[2018 New Zealand census]], an increase of 3,294 people (10.5%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]], and an increase of 3,228 people (10.3%) since the [[2006 New Zealand census|2006 census]]. There were 16,623 males and 17,907 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.93 males per female. Of the total population, 8,229 people (23.8%) were aged up to 15 years, 6,603 (19.1%) were 15 to 29, 14,184 (41.1%) were 30 to 64, and 5,511 (16.0%) were 65 or older.<ref name=":02">((Cite web|title=Age and sex by ethnic group (grouped total response), for census usually resident population counts, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (urban rural areas)|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8318|access-date=2020-09-13|website=nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz))</ref>

In terms of ethnicity, 58.8% of the population identified as European (Pākehā), 51.6% as Māori, 5.3% as Pacific peoples, 3.5% as Asian, and 1.3% as other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).<ref name=":02" />

Gisborne had an unemployment rate of 9.4% of people 15 years and over, compared to 7.4% nationally. The median annual income of all people 15 years and over was $24,400, compared to $28,500 nationally. Of those, 41.9% earned under $20,000, compared to 38.2% nationally, while 19.6% earned over $50,000, compared to 26.7% nationally.<ref name="2013census"/>

Gisborne has the smallest percentage of the population born overseas at 9.7% compared to 25.2% for New Zealand as a whole.<ref name="2013overseas">((cite web |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/birthplace.aspx |title= 2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – Birthplace and people born overseas |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date= 23 January 2016))</ref> The highest of these are British, totalling 1,335 or 3.1% of the population.<ref name="NZdotstat">((cite web |url= http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8041 |title= Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2001, 2006, and 2013 (RC, TA) – NZ.Stat |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |access-date= 1 February 2016))</ref> Furthermore, 73.0% of the population could speak in one language only, 16.2% in two languages and 1.1% in three or more languages.<ref name="2013census"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Individual statistical areas in Gisborne district (2018 census)<ref>((Cite web|title=2018 Census place summaries ((!)) Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-place-summaries|access-date=2020-12-14|website=www.stats.govt.nz))</ref>
!SA2 name
!Population
!Dwellings
!Median age
!Median income
|-
|Centennial Crescent
|1,566
|573
|33.1 years
|$23,100
|-
|Elgin
|2,583
|900
|31.0 years
|$22,100
|-
|Gisborne Central
|300
|210
|44.3 years
|$29,600
|-
|Kaiti North
|2,178
|783
|40.9 years
|$29,300
|-
|Kaiti South
|3,060
|1,026
|30.3 years
|$22,400
|-
|Lytton
|1,371
|567
|67.2 years
|$23,700
|-
|Makaraka-Awapuni
|969
|387
|44.6 years
|$29,400
|-
|Mangapapa East
|1,179
|477
|38.7 years
|$33,200
|-
|Mangapapa North
|1,425
|510
|31.9 years
|$27,500
|-
|Mangapapa South
|1,926
|690
|31.0 years
|$25,300
|-
|Outer Kaiti
|2,565
|753
|25.9 years
|$19,700
|-
|Riverdale
|1,275
|510
|43.0 years
|$30,400
|-
|Tamarau
|2,367
|744
|29.2 years
|$21,900
|-
|Te Hapara East
|1,992
|840
|37.4 years
|$24,800
|-
|Te Hapara North
|2,013
|768
|39.9 years
|$26,100
|-
|Te Hapara South
|2,178
|816
|33.4 years
|$23,800
|-
|Wainui-Okitu
|1,716
|714
|41.0 years
|$43,500
|-
|Whataupoko East
|1,812
|720
|42.8 years
|$38,600
|-
|Whataupoko West
|2,052
|864
|41.4 years
|$30,100
|}

==Economy==
((More citations needed section|date=August 2023))
The harbour was host to many ships in the past, and had developed as a river port to provide a more secure location for shipping compared with the open roadstead of Poverty Bay, which can be exposed to southerly swells. A meat works was sited beside the harbour and meat and wool were shipped from here. Now the harbour is the home of many smaller fishing boats as well as ships loading logs for export. In February 2018, the first grants from the [[Provincial Growth Fund]] included $2.3 million for the Gisborne port.<ref>((cite web |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/101706620/shane-jones-doles-out-millions-to-northland-hawkes-bay-and-rail-regeneration |title=  Shane Jones doles out millions to Northland, Hawkes Bay and (to) rail regeneration |publisher= Stuff (Fairfax) |date= 23 February 2018))</ref>

The city maintains a rural charm and is a popular holiday spot. Local industries include agriculture, horticulture, farming and [[forestry]]. Wine production is also valuable to the local economy.

==Transport==

===Air===
[[Gisborne Airport]] serves as the domestic airport for the Gisborne District. Regular flights between [[Auckland]] and [[Wellington]] are serviced by [[Air New Zealand]] under the [[Air New Zealand Link|Link]] brand, while the smaller Air Napier provides services to [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] and [[Wairoa]]. For 25 years Sunair operated from Gisborne to [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], [[Rotorua]], Napier, [[Whakatāne]], [[Tauranga]], [[Palmerston North]], [[Paraparaumu]] and Wellington but those services were suspended in 2022.<ref>((cite web |url=https://3rdlevelnz.blogspot.com/2022/04/sunair-bids-farewell-to-gisborne.html |title=Sunair Bids Farewell to Gisborne|date=22 April 2022 |publisher=3rd Level New Zealand))</ref> In 2023 Sunair announced it would give Gisborne another chance with services from Hamilton and Tauranga.<ref>((cite web|url=https://3rdlevelnz.blogspot.com/2023/04/sunair-returns-to-gisborne.html|title=Sunair returns to Gisborne|date=28 April 2023 |publisher=3rd Level New Zealand))</ref>

===Highways===
[[File:State Highway 2 NZ.svg|20px|link=New Zealand State Highway 2]] [[New Zealand State Highway 2|State Highway 2]] connects Gisborne to Tauranga via [[Ōpōtiki]] and Whakatāne to the northwest, and to Napier and the rest of [[Hawke's Bay Region|Hawke's Bay]] via Wairoa to the south. SH 2 travels towards Gisborne from the northwest from [[Te Karaka]], a settlement 31&nbsp;km northwest of Gisborne. SH 2 passes through Makaraka, a suburb on the outer fringes of Gisborne. It then crosses the [[Waipaoa River]] and makes its way south through [[Manutuke]] and Wharerata before it enters the Hawke's Bay Region towards [[Nūhaka]], Wairoa, and eventually on to Napier.

[[File:State Highway 35 NZ.svg|20px|link=New Zealand State Highway 35]] [[New Zealand State Highway 35|State Highway 35]] (part of the Pacific Coast Highway network) begins at a junction west of Gisborne with SH 2 just before SH 2 crosses the Waipaoa River on its way south to Manutuke. SH 35 borders Gisborne Airport to the south and enters Gisborne city on the southwestern fringes. It makes its way through the city out to the east, and continues up the coast, connecting Gisborne to the [[East Cape]].
[[File:Gisborne Post Office.jpg|thumb|1916 bus and bullock team outside the Post Office]]

=== Public transport ===
Public transport is poorly developed in Gisborne, with only 0.2% of trips made by bus in 2013/14. This compares with 2.3% nationally,<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.transport.govt.nz/ourwork/tmif/travelpatterns/tp003/|title=Travel patterns : Household travel ((!)) Ministry of Transport|website=www.transport.govt.nz|access-date=2016-04-30))</ref> which itself is amongst the lowest proportions in the world.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/economics/oecd-in-figures-2009/transport-2007_oif-2009-table9-en#page1|title=Transport, 2007 ((!)) OECD READ edition|website=OECD iLibrary|access-date=2016-04-30))</ref> [[Go Bus Transport|Go Bus]] is contracted to the council to run 30 services a day on 4 routes Monday to Friday under the Gizzy Bus brand.<ref>((Cite web |title=Bus service and timetable ((!)) Gisborne District Council |url=https://www.gdc.govt.nz/services/transport-and-parking/bus-service |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.gdc.govt.nz))</ref> Gizzy Bus accepts [[Bee Card (payment card)|Bee Card]] for fares, as well as cash.

From 1913 to 1929, Gisborne had [[Trams in New Zealand|battery-powered trams]]. Since then, public transport has declined to about a fifth of the usage then. In 1930, the municipal buses travelled ((Convert|6631|mi|km|abbr=on)), and carried 28,531 passengers in 2 weeks.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ODT19301210.2.131&srpos=1&zto=1|title=News in Brief.|date=10 December 1930|work=Otago Daily Times|pages=16|access-date=2016-06-29))</ref> In 2012/13 the city buses carried about 78,000 passengers in 52 weeks, at a cost of about $120,000 a year, with about another $85,000 from fares.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.gdc.govt.nz/assets/Files/Roading/Gisborne-Regional-Public-Transport-Plan-2013-16.pdf|title=Gisborne Regional Public Transport Plan 2013–2016))</ref>

===Rail===
Gisborne is the northern terminus of the [[Palmerston North - Gisborne Line]] railway, which opened in 1942 and mothballed (track kept in place, but all services cancelled) in 2012. The permanent way has since suffered storm damage including bridge collapses and the line is believed unlikely to re-open for economic reasons. Prior to this, an isolated section of line operated from [[Moutohora Branch|Gisborne to Moutohora]] – intended to be part of a line to Auckland via Rotorua, and later part of the [[East Coast Main Trunk Railway]] line. This connection was never completed, and the Moutohora Branch line closed in 1959.

Rail passenger services were provided between Gisborne and Wellington until 1988, when the [[Endeavour (train)|Endeavour]] express was cancelled north of Napier. Today, only the [[Gisborne City Vintage Railway]] operates limited heritage train rides out of Gisborne.

==Culture==
[[File:Lights by river. Te Tairāwhiti Arts Festival 2020 03.jpg|alt=coloured lights strung in trees, lit up sign, people in the dark|thumb|Te Tairāwhiti Arts Festival in 2020]]

Te Poho-o-Rawiri and Te Kuri a Tuatai [[Marae#Marae in New Zealand|marae]] are located in the city suburbs.

The Lowe Street Museum was the first museum in Gisborne, located in the Lowe Street Municipal Offices. In 1955, the collection of Māori artefacts of [[William Lysner]] were put in his former residence, Lysner House, which was sold to the city for a nominal sum. It is now known as the Tairāwhiti Museum.<ref name="TM">((cite web |title=Museum History |url=https://tairawhitimuseum.org.nz/about-us/museum-history/ |website=Tairawhiti Museum |publisher=Tairāwhiti Museum |access-date=27 December 2018 |language=en-NZ))</ref>

The Tairāwhiti Tamararo Regionals are an annual regional haka competition held in Gisborne in memory of Karaitiana Tamararo.<ref name="maoritv">((cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Harata|title=5 teams to represent Te Tairāwhiti at Te Matatini|url=https://www.maoritelevision.com/news/regional/5-teams-represent-te-tairawhiti-te-matatini|access-date=12 June 2016|work=Māori Television|date=24 April 2016))</ref>

Gisborne is host to [[Rhythm & Vines]], an annual 3-day music festival held over the New Year at Waiohika Estate. In 2012 and 2013, Rhythm and Vines made skinny-dipping world record attempts.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/hundreds-get-their-gear-off-in-gisborne-5788824|title=Hundreds get their gear off in Gisborne|publisher=Television New Zealand|date=31 December 2013))</ref>

Since 2019 the [[Te Tairāwhiti Arts Festival]] is an annual event in the region with many events taking place in Gisborne.<ref>((Cite web|title=Kai and arts combine for festival prequel|url=http://www.gisborneherald.co.nz/local-news/20190826/kai-and-arts-combine-for-festival-prequel/|access-date=2020-10-09|website=www.gisborneherald.co.nz|language=en-US))</ref>

==Sport==
((unreferenced section|date=June 2020))
In [[rugby union]] Gisborne is home to [[Poverty Bay Rugby Football Union]], who play in the [[Heartland Championship]]. The city is also home to several clubs who compete in the Poverty Bay competition – Horouta Sports Club, High School Old Boys (HSOB) Sports Club, Old Boys Marist (OBM) RFC, Pirates RFC, Waikohu Sports Club, and Young Māori Party (YMP) RFC. There are several other clubs in the wider [[Gisborne District]].

In [[rugby league]], [[Gisborne Tairawhiti rugby league team|Gisborne Taraiwhiti]] have historically represented Gisborne in national competitions. Gisborne is currently represented in the [[NZRL Men's National Competition|National Competition]] by the [[Waicoa Bay Stallions]].

Gisborne is home to the [[Poverty Bay cricket team]], who compete in the [[Hawke Cup]]. Poverty Bay is also a district association of the [[Northern Districts Cricket Association]]. First-class matches are sometimes held at [[Harry Barker Reserve]]. Clubs in the city include High School Old Boys (HSOB) Cricket Club and OBR Cricket Club.

In [[association football|football]], [[Gisborne Thistle AFC]], Gisborne Marist AFC, Gisborne United AFC, Gisborne Bohemians FC, and Riverina AFC compete in competitions organised by the Central Football Federation. The now-defunct [[Gisborne City AFC]] won the [[Chatham Cup]] in 1987.

[[Netball]] in Gisborne is organised by the Gisborne Netball Centre. Netball teams in Gisborne are often associated with rugby or football clubs. Clubs include Horouta, High School Old Girls (HSOG), Old Boys Marist (OBM), Young Māori Party (YMP), and Gisborne Thistle.

Golf, basketball, rowing, hockey, tennis, and squash are also catered to.

[[Awapundi Speedway]] is a [[motorcycle speedway]] venue, on Awapundi Road, adjacent to the Awapundi Links golf course.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.sporty.co.nz/speedwaynz/TRACKS/GISBORNE |title=Eastern Group Raceway |website=Sporty |access-date=8 February 2024))</ref> The track races various types of cars, including sidecars, midgets, saloons, stockcars, streetstocks, in addition to [[motorcycle speedway]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.speedwayracing.co.nz/speedway-tracks/eastland-group-raceway-gisborne/ |title=Eastland Group Raceway, Gisborne |website=Speedway Racing New Zealand |access-date=8 February 2024))</ref> The track has held important events, including qualifying rounds of the [[Speedway World Championship]]<ref>((cite web |url=https://dlprezes.pl.tl/SPEEDWAY--_--Indywidualne-mistrzostwa-%26%23346%3Bwiata-----------k1-World-Speedway-Championship-k2-.htm |title=World Championship |website=Metal Speedway |access-date=8 February 2024))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.speedway.org/history/ |title=World Championship  | website=Speedway.org |access-date=8 February 2024))</ref> and the finals of the [[New Zealand Solo Championship]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.historyspeedway.nstrefa.pl/indmnz.php |title=HISTORYCZNE ZESTAWIENIE WYNIKÓW 1929-2023 |website=Speedway History |access-date=8 February 2024))</ref>

==Education==
((Main|List of schools in the Gisborne District))

Gisborne City has four main high (secondary) schools: [[Gisborne Boys' High School|Gisborne Boys' High]], [[Gisborne Girls' High School|Gisborne Girls' High]], [[Lytton High School|Lytton High]] and [[Campion College, Gisborne|Campion College]]. Campion College is a Catholic co-educational school.

==Suburbs==
[[File:Gisborne nz 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Coastal suburbs of Gisborne viewed from Kaiti Hill]]
((div col|colwidth=12em))
* [[Awapuni, Gisborne|Awapuni]]
* Elgin
* Gaddums Hill
* Ilminster
* Inner Kaiti
* [[Kaiti, New Zealand|Kaiti]]
* [[Makaraka, New Zealand|Makaraka]]
* [[Manutuke]]
* [[Mangapapa]]
* Makorori
* [[Riverdale, New Zealand|Riverdale]]
* Riverside
* Riverview
* Sponge Bay
* [[Tamarau]]
* [[Te Hapara]]
* Te Wharau
* [[Victoria, New Zealand|Victoria]]<ref>McLintock, A.H. (ed.) (1959) ''A descriptive atlas of New Zealand.'' Wellington: NZ Government Printer. Map 31.</ref>
* Waikanae
* Waikirikiri
* [[Wainui Beach]]
* [[Whataupoko]]
((div col end))

==In popular culture==
Gisborne City was the setting of the 2014 drama film ''[[The Dark Horse (2014 film)|The Dark Horse]]'', a biographical film starring [[Cliff Curtis]] about the late speed-chess champion, [[Genesis Potini]]. The film was shot in Gisborne and Auckland in the winter of 2013.<ref name="darkhorse">((cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Kristine|title=Glowing reviews as Dark Horse hits US |url=http://gisborneherald.co.nz/localnews/2250618-135/glowing-reviews-as-dark-horse-hits |access-date=12 June 2016|work=The Gisborne Herald|date=2 April 2016))</ref>

In March 2016, Gisborne hosted the premiere of ''[[Mahana (film)|Mahana]]'', a New Zealand film set in Patutahi and Manutuke, and based on [[Witi Ihimaera]]'s semi-autobiographical novel ''Bulibasha: King Of The Gypsies''.<ref name="mahana">((cite news|last1=Treacher|first1=Aroha|title=Gisborne turns on glitz for Mahana premiere|url=http://www.maoritelevision.com/news/latest-news/gisborne-turns-on-glitz-mahana-premiere|access-date=12 June 2016|work=Māori Television|date=4 March 2016))</ref>

==Sister cities==
Gisborne has four sister cities, a sister port, and five friendly cities.<ref>((cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=https://www.gdc.govt.nz/council/mayor-and-councillors/sister-cities |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=Gisborne District Council))</ref>

* ((flagicon|FRA)) [[Mahina, French Polynesia|Mahina]], French Polynesia
* ((flagicon|JPN)) [[Nonoichi, Ishikawa|Nonoichi]], [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]], Japan
* ((flagicon|USA)) [[Palm Desert, California|Palm Desert]], [[California]], United States
* ((flagicon|CHN)) [[Rizhao]], [[Shandong]], China

===Sister port===
* ((flagicon|JPN)) [[Gamagōri]], [[Aichi Prefecture|Aichi]], Japan

===Friendly cities===
* ((flagicon|ITA)) [[Cassino]], Italy
* ((flagicon|AUS)) [[Shire of Macedon Ranges]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia
* ((flagicon|ESP)) [[Valverde del Majano]], Spain
* ((flagicon|CHN)) [[Wenchang]], [[Hainan]], China
* ((flagicon|GBR)) [[Whitby]], England, United Kingdom

==See also==
* [[List of people from Gisborne, New Zealand]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Wikivoyage|Gisborne))
((commons category|Gisborne))
*[http://www.gisbornenz.com/ Tourism Eastland] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217050002/http://gisbornenz.com/ |date=17 December 2019 ))
*[http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-MacHist.html ''Historic Poverty Bay and the East Coast, N.I., N.Z.''], (1949) Joseph Angus Mackay

((Authority control))

[[Category:Gisborne, New Zealand| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Gisborne District]]
[[Category:Port cities in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Surfing locations in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in New Zealand]]

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Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Historical populations (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166/data/NZ (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:ISO 3166/data/National (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Location map (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Location map/data/New Zealand (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Module:Location map/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Native name (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Other uses (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Other uses of (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Settlement short description (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Weather box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Weather box/colors (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Weather box/row (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand"