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((Short description|English word))
((Italic title))
[[File:Detail of Codex Argenteus.jpg|thumb|Earliest attestation of the Germanic word in the 6th-century ((lang|la|[[Codex Argenteus]])) ([[Gospel of Matthew|Mt]] 5:34)]]
((God))
The [[English language|English]] word '''''god''''' comes from the [[Old English language|Old English]] ((lang|ang|god)), which itself is derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] ((lang|gem-x-proto|gudą)). Its cognates in other [[Germanic languages]] include ((lang|got-Latn|guþ, gudis)) (both [[Gothic language|Gothic]]), ((lang|non|guð)) ([[Old Norse]]), ((lang|osx|god)) ([[Old Saxon]], [[Old Frisian]], and [[Old Dutch]]), and ((lang|goh|got)) ([[Old High German]]).

==Etymology==
((ref improve|section|date=April 2018))
The [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] meaning of ((lang|gem-x-proto|gudą)) and its etymology is uncertain. It is generally agreed that it derives from a  [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] neuter [[passive perfect participle]] ''((PIE|*ǵʰu-tó-m))''.<ref>((cite book|last=Kroonen |first=Guus |title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-90-04-18340-7))</ref>((rp|193-194)) This form within (late) Proto-Indo-European itself was possibly ambiguous, and thought to derive from a root ''*((PIE|ǵʰew-))'' "to pour, libate" (the idea survives in the Dutch word ((lang|nl|giet)), meaning "pour") ([[Sanskrit]] ''((IAST|huta))'', see ''((IAST|[[hotar|hotṛ]]))''), or from a root ''*((PIE|ǵʰaw-))'' (''*((PIE|ǵʰewh<sub>2</sub>-))'') "to call, to invoke" (Sanskrit ''((IAST|hūta))''). Sanskrit ''hutá'' = "having been sacrificed", from the verb root ''hu'' = "sacrifice", but a slight shift in translation gives the meaning "one to whom sacrifices are made." Thus it can be related to the ancient Indian name [[Gautam (Etymology)|Gautam]] and its Sanskrit roots.

Depending on which possibility is preferred, the [[Germanic paganism|pre-Christian]] meaning of the Germanic term may either have been (in the "pouring" case) "[[libation]]" or "that which is libated upon, [[cult image|idol]]" &mdash; or, as  Watkins<ref>Watkins, Calvert, ed., The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000.</ref> opines in the light of [[Greek language|Greek]] ((lang|grc|χυτη γαια)) "poured earth" meaning "[[tumulus]]", "the Germanic form may have referred in the first instance to the spirit immanent in a burial mound" &mdash; or (in the "invoke" case)  "invocation, prayer" (compare the meanings of Sanskrit ''((IAST|[[brahman]]))'') or "that which is invoked".

===Influence of Christianity===
''God'' entered English when the language still had a system of [[Gender in English|grammatical gender]]. The word and its cognates were initially neuter but underwent transition when their speakers converted to Christianity, "as a means of distinguishing the personal God of the Christians from the impersonal divine powers acknowledged by pagans."<ref name = Green1998>((cite book|last=Green |first=D. H. |date=1998 |title=Language and History in the Early Germanic World |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521794237 ))</ref>((rp|15)) However, traces of the neuter endured. While these words became syntactically masculine, so that [[determiner]]s and [[adjective]]s connected to them took masculine endings, they sometimes remained morphologically neuter, which could be seen in their inflections: In the phrase, ''guþ meins'', "my God," from the Gothic Bible, for example, ''guþ'' inflects as if it were still a neuter because it lacks a final ''-s'', but the possessive adjective ''meins'' takes the final ''-s'' that it would with other masculine nouns.<ref name = Green1998 />((rp|15))

''God'' and its cognates likely had a general, predominantly plural or collective sense prior to conversion to Christianity. After conversion, the word was commonly used in the singular to refer to the Christian deity, and also took on characteristics of a name.<ref name = Green1998 />((rp|15-16))<ref>((cite OED |god))</ref>

==Translations==
The word ''god'' was used to represent [[Greek language|Greek]] ''theos'' and [[Latin]] ''[[deus]]'' in [[Bible]] translations, first in the Gothic translation of the [[New Testament]] by Ulfilas. For the etymology of ((lang|la|deus)), see ''*[[dyeus|((PIE|dyēus))]]''.

Greek "[[Wikt:θεός|θεός]] " (((lang|grc-Latn|theos))) means god in English. It is often connected with Greek "θέω" (''theō''), "run",<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=qeo/s|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, θεός|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=qe/w1|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, θέω|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu))</ref> and "θεωρέω" (''theoreō''), "to look at, to see, to observe",<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dqewre%2Fw θεωρέω], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>Dermot Moran, ''The Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena: A Study of Idealism in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press</ref> Latin ((lang|la|feriae)) "holidays", ((lang|la|fanum)) "temple", and also Armenian ((lang|hy|di-k`)) "gods". Alternative suggestions (e.g. by [[Ferdinand de Saussure|De Saussure]]) connect ''((PIE|*dhu̯es-))'' "smoke, spirit", attested in Baltic and Germanic words for "[[wikt:spook|spook]]" and ultimately cognate with Latin ((lang|la|fumus)) "smoke." The earliest attested form of the word is the [[Mycenaean Greek]] ''te-o''<ref>[http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=640 Palaeolexicon], Word study tool of ancient languages</ref> (plural ''te-o-i''<ref>[http://www.palaeolexicon.com/default.aspx?static=12&wid=556 Palaeolexicon], Word study tool of ancient languages</ref>), written in [[Linear B]] syllabic script.

== Capitalization ==
[[File:KJV Psalm 23 1 2.jpg|thumb|200px|KJV of 1611 ([[Psalms]] 23:1,2): Occurrence of "LORD" (and "God" in the heading)]]
The development of [[English orthography]] was dominated by [[Christianity|Christian]] texts. Capitalized, "[[God]]" was first used to refer to the [[God in Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic God]] and may now signify any monotheistic [[Conceptions of God|conception of God]], including the translations of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''((transl|ar|[[Allah|Allāh]]))'', [[Persian language|Persian]] ''[[Khuda]]'', Indic ''[[Ishvara]]'' and the [[Maasai language|Maasai]] ((lang|mas|[[Ngai]])).

In the [[English language]], capitalization is used for names by which a god is known, including "God". Consequently, its capitalized form is not used for multiple gods or when referring to the generic idea of a [[deity]].<ref>[[Webster's New World Dictionary]]; "God n. ME < OE, akin to Ger gott, Goth guth, prob. < IE base * ĝhau-, to call out to, invoke > Sans havaté, (he) calls upon; 1. any of various beings conceived of as supernatural, immortal, and having special powers over the lives and affairs of people and the course of nature; deity, esp. a male deity: typically considered objects of worship; 2. an image that is worshiped; idol 3. a person or thing deified or excessively honored and admired; 4. [G-] in monotheistic religions, the creator and ruler of the universe, regarded as eternal, infinite, all-powerful, and all-knowing; Supreme Being; the Almighty"
</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/God Dictionary.com]; "God /gɒd/ noun: 1. the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the universe. 2. the Supreme Being considered with reference to a particular attribute. 3. (lowercase) one of several deities, esp. a male deity, presiding over some portion of worldly affairs. 4. (often lowercase) a supreme being according to some particular conception: the God of mercy. 5. Christian Science. the Supreme Being, understood as Life, Truth, Love, Mind, Soul, Spirit, Principle. 6. (lowercase) an image of a deity; an idol. 7. (lowercase) any deified person or object. 8. (often lowercase) Gods, Theater. 8a. the upper balcony in a theater. 8b. the spectators in this part of the balcony."
</ref> 

Pronouns referring to a god are also often capitalized by adherents to a religion as an indication of reverence, and are traditionally in the [[Gender of God|masculine gender]] ("He", "Him", "His" etc) unless specifically referring to a [[goddess]].<ref name="Religion1">((cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XtZnWjnjahsC&q=capitalize+He+Him+reference+to+God&pg=PA1087| title = The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge|work = [[The New York Times]]| date = 25 October 2011| isbn = 9780312643027|access-date = 27 December 2011|quote=Pronoun references to a deity worshiped by people in the present are sometimes capitalized, although some writers use capitals only to prevent confusion: ''God helped Abraham carry out His law.''))</ref><ref name="Religion2">((cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p9pp8Nv05lUC&q=capitalize+He+Him+reference+to+God&pg=PA64| title = Alcoholic Thinking: language, culture, and belief in Alcoholics Anonymous
| year = 1998
|publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| isbn = 9780275960490
|access-date = 27 December 2011|quote=Traditional biblical translations that always capitalize the word "God" and the pronouns, "He," "Him," and "His" in reference to God itself and the use of archaic forms such as "Thee," "Thou," and "Thy" are familiar.))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anglo-Saxon paganism]]
* [[Bhagavan]] (Hindi word)
* [[El (deity)]] (Semitic word)
* [[Elohim]]
* [[Jumala]] (Finnish word)
* [[Tanri]] (Turkish word)
* [[Yahweh]]
* [[YHWH]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
((Wiktionary|God))
* [http://www.wulfila.be/gothic/browse/token/?ID=T47036 Use of guþ n the Gothic Bible.]
* [http://www.wulfila.be/gothic/browse/token/?ID=T47101 Use of guda n the Gothic Bible.]
* [http://lingunetics.net/gothic.html Gothic language and its relation to other Germanic languages such as Anglish (English) and Saxon] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430060459/http://www.lingunetics.net/gothic.html |date=2011-04-30 ))
((Names of God))

[[Category:God| ]]
[[Category:English words]]
[[Category:Etymologies]]
[[Category:Names of God| ]]

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