Gold Standard issue
Red Army Soldier: a Gold Standard stamp of the USSR, 1 gold rouble, red and brown, imperforate, 1923
Country of production	Soviet Union
Location of production	Moscow
Date of production	October 1923; 100 years ago (1923-10) – March 1927; 96 years ago (1927-03)
Designer	Ivan Shadr
Depicts	worker, peasant, Red Army soldier
Notability	first definitive series of the USSR
Face value	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kopecks, 1, 2, 3, and 5 gold roubles

The Gold Standard issue or Small Head issue was the first definitive series of postage stamps issued by the Soviet Union between 1923 and 1927. The stamps were designed by Ivan Shadr.

History

The RSFSR Government re-issued definitive stamps with regular frequency. By the time of the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, with its more than 200 million inhabitants, there was an urgent need for more stamps of various face values that would reflect the change of the state name. New stamps were also required due to the monetary reform in the Soviet Union and the introduction of the chervonets (equal to 10 roubles), backed by the gold standard.^[1][2]

The first definitive series of postage stamps, which the Russians themselves name "standard series", was issued by the newly formed USSR in October 1923. Because its face values corresponded to the introduced gold standard, the series usually goes under the name of "Gold Standard". These stamps are also known as "Small Head" issues. They were thoroughly described by H. L. Aronson.^[1][2]

Stamp design

The design of this series was not new. It was modified and simplified from former stamp issues of the RSFSR. Representatives of the three main strata of the population, the Worker, the Peasant, and the Red Army Soldier, were depicted on the stamps.^[1][2]

The Russian sculptor and artist-designer Ivan Shadr was the stamp design author. He worked on this project very conscientiously. Live models from his hometown of Shadrinsk were chosen for producing at first sculptures of those three types. Then, the sculptures were photographed from all sides. The final stamp design was selected on the best view of the sculptures.^[1][2]

The stamps have the inscription Russian: "CCCP" ("USSR"), the value, and the word Russian: "золотом" ("zolotom") meaning "golden".^[1][2]

Production and release

In the early 1920s, there were two basic printing processes, lithography and typography, used in Russia. The Small Heads were produced by both methods. There are different designs and distinguishing marks, both in lithographic and typographic printing. To detect them is not always easy, and four values, the 1, 2, 6, and 20 kopecks, are especially difficult in terms of identification.^[1][2]

For the first months, those stamps were sold at the post offices at the varied prices. This was because the stamp value was at the beginning established through the daily official stock market (ru) quotations, which fluctuated from day to day. In March 1924, the new ruble based on the gold standard was finally introduced, and the stamp prices were fixed.^[1][2]

One of the Gold Standard stamps, Limonka [Wikidata], is considered quite rare, if in mint condition. This is the 15 kopeck yellow perforated stamp of the Peasant design issued in 1925. The name "Limonka" is referred to its lemon yellow colour.^[3]

Publications

• Aronson, H. L. (September 1943). "The Small Head Types of 1923–27" (PDF). Russian American Philatelist. New York: Russian American Philatelic Society. 11: 1–4. OCLC 10471891. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-05-28. (Printing-Production. Soviet Stamps)
• Aronson, H. L. (October 1943). "The Small Head Types of 1923–27" (PDF). Russian American Philatelist. New York: Russian American Philatelic Society. 12: 3–5. OCLC 10471891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-05-28. (Printing-Production. Soviet Stamps)
• Aronson, H. L. (November 1943). "The Small Head Types of 1923–27" (PDF). Russian American Philatelist. New York: Russian American Philatelic Society. 13: 3–5. OCLC 10471891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-05-28. (Printing-Production. Soviet Stamps)
• Aronson, H. L. (December 1943). "The Small Head Types of 1923–27" (PDF). Russian American Philatelist. New York: Russian American Philatelic Society. 14: 2–4. OCLC 10471891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-05-28. (Printing-Production. Soviet Stamps)
• Aronson, H. L. (March 1962). "The Small Head Types of 1923–27" (PDF). Russian Philatelist. 2: 12–16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-05-28. (Printing-Production. Soviet Stamps)
• Aronson, H. L. (February–March 1963). "The Small Head Types of 1923–27" (PDF). Russian Philatelist. 3: 9–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-05-28. (Printing-Production. Soviet Stamps)
• Адлер, К. З. [Adler, K.] (1957). "Стандартные выпуски марок в СССР" [The regular post stamp issues of the USSR]. Россика [Rossica] (in Russian). 52–53: 12–14. ISSN 0035-8363. Archived from the original on 2015-05-31. Retrieved 2015-05-31.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Адлер, К. З. [Adler, K.] (1958). "Таблицы "маленьких головок" стандартного выпуска 1923–27 г.г." Россика [Rossica] (in Russian). 54: 33–36. ISSN 0035-8363. Archived from the original on 2015-05-31. Retrieved 2015-05-31.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)