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((Short description|Observatory at Carleton College in Minnesota, US))
((More citations needed|date=September 2015))
((Infobox Observatory
|name = Goodsell Observatory
|image = Goodsell Observatory.jpg
|caption = Goodsell Observatory from the south
|organization = [[Carleton College]]
|location = [[Northfield, Minnesota]], US
|coords = ((coord|44|27|43|N|93|09|09|W|display=inline,title))
|altitude = 290 meters 
|weather = See the [http://cleardarksky.com/c/GdsllObMNkey.html?1 Clear Sky Clock]
|established = 1887
|closed = 
|website=((URL|http://www.carleton.edu/departments/phas/astro/index.html|carleton.edu/astro))
|telescope1_name = [[John Brashear]]
|telescope1_type = 16.5-inch aperture [[refracting telescope|refractor]] 
|telescope2_name = [[Alvan Clark & Sons|Alvan Clark]] 
|telescope2_type = 8.25-inch aperture [[refracting telescope|refractor]]
((Infobox NRHP
  | name = Goodsell Observatory--Carleton College
  | embed = yes
  | nrhp_type = 
  | built = 1887
  | architect = [[Harvey Ellis]]
  | architecture = [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]]
  | area = Less than one acre
  | refnum = 75001025<ref name="nris">((NRISref|version=2010a))</ref>
  | designated_nrhp_type = May 12, 1975
)) ))

'''Goodsell Observatory''' is an [[observatory]] at [[Carleton College]] in [[Northfield, Minnesota]], United States.  It was constructed in 1887 and was, at the time, the largest observatory in the state of Minnesota.((citation needed|date=May 2016))  The Goodsell Observatory and its predecessor, a smaller observatory that opened in 1878, served as a widely consulted timekeeping station, bringing national prominence to Carleton College in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=Huber>((cite web |last=Huber |first=Molly |title=Goodsell Observatory, Northfield |url=http://www.mnopedia.org/structure/goodsell-observatory-northfield |work=MNopedia |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |date=2015-04-14 |accessdate=2016-05-08))</ref>

Goodsell Observatory was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1975 for its national significance in the themes of architecture, communications, education, engineering, literature, and science.<ref name=MNHS>((cite web |title=Goodsell Observatory, Carleton College |url=http://nrhp.mnhs.org/NRDetails.cfm?NPSNum=75001025 |work=Minnesota National Register Properties Database |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |year=2009 |accessdate=2015-06-23))</ref>  It was nominated for being one of the nation's few intact 19th-century observatories (complete with a large collection of vintage scientific equipment); and for its critical timekeeping service, its association with scientific literature (founder [[William W. Payne (astronomer)|William W. Payne]] also founded the journal ''[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]]''), its fine [[Romanesque Revival architecture]], and continuous use as a teaching facility.<ref>((cite report |last=Lutz |first=Thomas |author2=Ruthmary Penick |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Goodsell Observatory (New Observatory) |url=((NRHP url|id=75001025)) |publisher=National Park Service |date=1975-03-17 |accessdate=2016-05-08))</ref> While the telescope sees use in astronomy classes, the building houses offices and a classroom used by Carleton's linguistics and environmental studies departments.

==Background==
William W. Payne, one of Carleton's original professors, taught mathematics and [[natural philosophy]], and established a course in [[astronomy]] during his first year at the college. The course grew into a program, and Carleton's president and board of trustees agreed to construct a small astronomical observatory on campus. It was Carleton's fifth building. Though small, the observatory housed instruments of the highest quality, including an 8((fraction|1|4))-inch refractor by [[Alvan Clark & Sons]] and a ((convert|3|in|cm|adj=on)) Fauth [[transit circle]].<ref name=Huber />

Shortly after the small observatory opened in 1878, a [[telegraph]] line was established from Carleton campus to central Northfield, and the observatory began transmitting a time signal at three minutes to noon each day. The signal was based on astronomical measurements and was picked up by cities throughout Minnesota, as well as area banks, jewelers, and the various railroad lines of the Northwest, including the [[Northern Pacific Railway|Northern Pacific]] and the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern]].<ref name=Huber />  A [[Signal Corps (United States Army)|U.S. Army Signal Corps]] station was placed at the observatory in 1881 and transmitted meteorological data to [[Washington, D.C.]]  The facility also served as the headquarters of a state weather service from 1883 to 1886.((citation needed|date=May 2016))

==Establishment and use==
In 1886 the college purchased a brand new [[meridian circle]] with a gift of $5,000 from [[James J. Hill]], whose railroads benefitted from Carleton's time service. The meridian circle was too big to fit in the existing building, so Carleton decided to build a new, larger observatory. The second observatory was designed by [[Harvey Ellis]] of the [[J. Walter Stevens]] architectural firm of [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]. It was completed in 1887 and named after one of the college's founders, Charles M. Goodsell.<ref name=Huber />

By 1888, time signals from Carleton's Goodsell Observatory were used on more than ((convert|12000|mi|km)) of railroad track. Railroad companies in the Northwest thought that the signal coming from Carleton was more accurate than the one transmitted by the [[United States Naval Observatory]] in Washington, D.C.  Accurate time was important for avoiding collisions and keeping trains running on schedule.<ref name=Huber />

In 1891 Goodsell Observatory was equipped with a ((convert|16.2|in|cm|adj=on)) telescope produced by the famous [[John Brashear]] of Pennsylvania.  The [[German equatorial mount]] was designed and fabricated by [[Warner & Swasey Company|Warner & Swasey]] of Cleveland Ohio.  It was then the twelfth-largest refractor in the world and sixth-largest in the United States.((citation needed|date=May 2016))  The old observatory was made into a library and then torn down to make room for Laird Hall in 1905. The observatory acquired a [[sidereal clock]] in 1910.<ref name=Huber />  In 1922 Carleton professor Edward Fath constructed one of the nation's first [[photoelectric]] [[photometer]]s in Goodsell.((citation needed|date=May 2016))  The time service was continued until 1931 and the study of astronomy was prominent at Carleton well into the 20th century.<ref name=Huber />

Goodsell served as the model for the [[Chamberlin Observatory]] at the [[University of Denver]].((citation needed|date=May 2016))

The collection of [[meteorite]]s on display in Goodsell was given to the college by the [[meteoriticist]] [[Harvey H. Nininger]] as payment-in-kind for his daughter's tuition in 1942.((citation needed|date=May 2016))

[[File:Goodsell Observatory 1895.jpg|thumb|left|Goodsell Observatory in 1895]]
[[File:GoodsellTelescope.jpg|thumb|right|The 16.2 inch telescope in the main dome ([[contact print]]ed from a 19th-century [[photographic plate|glass plate]])]]
((clear|left))

==Publications==
((Redirect|Astronomy and Astro-Physics|the journal affiliated with the European Southern Observatory|Astronomy & Astrophysics((!))''Astronomy & Astrophysics''))
The observatory published ''The Sidereal Messenger'' from 1882 to 1892, later renamed ''Astronomy and Astro-Physics'' from 1893 to ~1896. In 1893, a successor publication, ''[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]]'', was established.<ref name=Smith1980>((Citation |last=Smith |first=Horace A. |title=''Popular Astronomy'' Magazine and the Development of Variable Star Observing in the United States |magazine= The Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=40–42 |date= October 1980 |bibcode= 1980JAVSO...9...40S))</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of astronomical observatories]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Rice County, Minnesota]]

==References==
((MNopedia|wstitle=Goodsell Observatory, Northfield))
((Reflist|30em))
*Headley, Leal and Merrill Jarchow, ''Carleton: The First Century'', (Northfield, 1966).
*Leonard, Delavan, ''The History of Carleton College'', (Chicago, 1904).

==External links==
((Commons category|Goodsell Observatory))
*[https://apps.carleton.edu/campus/observatory/ Goodsell Observatory]

((National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota))
((Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science))
((Authority control))

[[Category:1887 establishments in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rice County, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Carleton College]]
[[Category:Education in Rice County, Minnesota]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Rice County, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Romanesque Revival architecture in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rice County, Minnesota]]
[[Category:University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota]]

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