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((Short description|South African politician (1910–2001)))
((About|the South African politician|the local municipality|Govan Mbeki Local Municipality))
((More citations needed|date=December 2018))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2020))
((Use South African English|date=August 2012))
((Infobox officeholder
| image       = Govanmbekimugshot.jpg
| caption     = Under arrest in 1963
| imagesize   =
| birth_name  = Govan Archibald Mvunyelwa Mbeki
| birth_date  = ((birth date|df=yes|1910|7|9))
| birth_place = [[Mpukane]] Location, [[Nqamakwe]] district, [[Union of South Africa]]<ref>((cite web|title=Govan Archibald Mbeki|url=http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv02009/05lv02010/06lv02020.htm|publisher=The O'Malley Archives|access-date=19 December 2013))</ref>
|office = Co-Deputy Chairperson of [[National Council of Provinces]]<br/>*alongside [[Bulelani Ngcuka]]
|term_start = 1997
|term_end = 1999
|predecessor = position established
|successor = [[Naledi Pandor]]
|office1 = Deputy President of [[The Senate|Senate of South Africa]]
|term_start1 = 1994
|term_end1 = 1997
|predecessor1 = position established
|successor1 = position renamed
|office2 = Secretary of [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|MK]] 
|term_start2 = 1961
|term_end2 = 1963
|predecessor2 = position established
|successor2 = position abolished
| death_date  =((death date and age|df=yes|2001|8|30|1910|7|9))
| death_place = [[Port Elizabeth]], [[Eastern Cape]], [[Republic of South Africa]]
| occupation  = anti-[[history of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid]] [[activism|activist]]
| spouse      = ((marriage|[[Epainette Mbeki]]|1940)) 
| children    = Linda Mbeki (daughter; born 1941, died 2003)<br>[[Thabo Mbeki]] (son; born 1942) <br>[[Moeletsi Mbeki]] (son; born 1945) <br>Jama Mbeki (son; born 1948, died 1982)
| party       = [[African National Congress]]<br/>[[South African Communist Party]]
))
'''Govan Archibald Mvunyelwa Mbeki''' (9 July 1910 – 30 August 2001) was a South African [[politician]], military commander, Communist leader who served as the Secretary of [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]], at its inception in 1961. He was also the son of Chief Sikelewu Mbeki and Johanna Mahala and also the father of the former [[South Africa]]n president [[Thabo Mbeki]] and political economist [[Moeletsi Mbeki]]. He was a leader of the [[South African Communist Party]] and the [[African National Congress]]. After the [[Rivonia Trial]], he was imprisoned (1963–1987) on charges of [[terrorism]] and [[treason]], together with [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Walter Sisulu]], [[Raymond Mhlaba]], [[Ahmed Kathrada]] and other eminent ANC leaders, for their role in the ANC's armed wing, [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK). He was sometimes mentioned by his nickname "'''Oom Gov'''".

== Early years==
Govan Mbeki was born in the [[Nqamakwe]] district of the Transkei region and was a part of the [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] ethnic group. As a teenager, Mbeki worked as a newsboy and messenger in the cities, and because of this, he saw the poverty urban black Africans lived in, and the constant police raids they endured. He attended [[Fort Hare University]], completing in 1936 a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics and psychology and a teaching diploma.<ref name=":0">((cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/06/world/a-chronicler-of-revolt-defiant-behind-bars.html|title=A Chronicler of Revolt, Defiant Behind Bars|work=The New York Times|author=James Barron|date=6 November 1987|access-date=3 December 2018))</ref> Mbeki met other African struggle leaders while attending the university.

== Teacher, trader and communist==
For a time Mbeki worked as a teacher, but lost his job because of his political activities.<ref name="sacp bio">((cite web|title=Biography of Govan Mbeki|url=http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=2360|publisher=[[South African Communist Party|SACP]] website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714114049/http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=2360|archive-date=14 July 2014|access-date=2015-09-17))</ref> He was a member of the [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP, then the Communist Party of South Africa, or CPSA) from the late 1930s, and joined the [[African National Congress]] in 1935.<ref name="Colin Bundy 2012, p. 147">Colin Bundy, 2012, ''Govan Mbeki'', Johannesburg: Jacana, p. 147</ref> He then set up a [[co-operative]] store in Idutywa and began a writing career. From 1938 to 1944 he was the editor of ''Territorial Magazine'' / ''[[Inkundla Ya Bantu]]''.

Mbeki left journalism in 1944 and became a government-nominated member of the Transkei Territorial Authorities General Council until 1950. His role in the CPSA/ SACP was clandestine at the time, which helps explain why he received the nomination. Mbeki disparagingly referred to the council as a 'toy telephone': "You can say what you like, but your words have no effect because the wires are not connected to an exchange".<ref name=":0" /> In 1948 Mbeki stood as a candidate for the Natives Representative Council but lost the election.<ref name="Roth2016">((cite book|author=Mia Roth|title=The Communist Party in South Africa: Racism, Eurocentricity and Moscow, 1921-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdBzCwAAQBAJ|date=20 January 2016|publisher=Partridge Africa|isbn=978-1-4828-0964-0))</ref>

When the CPSA/ SACP was banned in 1950 by the [[apartheid]] government, Mbeki remained in the [[African National Congress]] (ANC). In 1952 Mbeki was imprisoned together with Raymond Mhlaba and [[Vuyisile Mini]] for three months in ''Rooi Hel'' ('Red Hell' or North End Prison, Port Elizabeth) for disobeying apartheid laws by participating in the 'Campaign of Defiance against Injustice Laws' (Defiance Campaign). In 1954, a tornado destroyed his store, and Mbeki was dismissed from teaching again (he would lose his job three times, and be blacklisted from others, from the 1930s onwards).<ref>Colin Bundy, 2012, ''Govan Mbeki'', Johannesburg: Jacana, p. 149</ref> Mbeki moved to Port Elizabeth and joined the editorial board of ''[[New Age (South African newspaper)|New Age]]'', a prominent leftist newspaper linked to underground CPSA/ SACP networks.<ref name=":0" /> Mbeki played a crucial role in ensuring that the pages and columns reflected the conditions, demands, and aspirations of black working-class people, particularly in the countryside.<ref name="sacp bio" />

He also worked on the ''Guardian'', ''New Age'', ''Fighting Talk'' and ''Liberation'',<ref name="Colin Bundy 2012, p. 147"/> and worked with 'Jock' [[Harold Strachan]] in the [[Port Elizabeth]] area, and helped him produce the newsletter ''Izwi Lomzi'' ("Voice of the People").<ref name="lt">((cite news|url=http://www.literarytourism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=378:harold-strachan&catid=13:authors&Itemid=28|title=Harold Strachan|date=10 May 1998|work=[[The Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|access-date=29 October 2017))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Bundy|first=Colin|title=Govan Mbeki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtUvfrv7odoC&pg=PA111|date=2013|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=9780821444597|page=101))</ref> Mbeki was meanwhile actively involved in the major campaigns of the day, including the revival of the [[African National Congress]] in the 1940s, the [[Defiance Campaign]] and the [[Congress of the People (1955)|Congress of the People]].

==Armed struggle and Robben Island==
In 1960, the ANC was banned, and along with the underground SACP, formed [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK), which became ANC's armed wing. Mbeki was involved, and, at his urging, Strachan assisted MK by turning his hand to improvised explosive devices based on substances like [[potassium permanganate]], [[magnesium]], [[glycerol]] and [[icing sugar]].<ref>((cite book|last=South African Democracy Education Trust|title=The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1960-1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvROZAvpW-QC&pg=PA121|year=2004|publisher=Zebra|isbn=9781868729067|pages=121–123))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Bundy|first=Colin|title=Govan Mbeki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtUvfrv7odoC&pg=PA111|date=2013|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=9780821444597|page=111))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Cherry|first=Janet|title=Spear of the Nation: Umkhonto weSizwe: South Africa's Liberation Army, 1960s–1990s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaTnB_fx1G8C&pg=PA21|date=2012|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=9780821444436|pages=20–21))</ref>

((blockquote|text= ...this was our job – devices and explosives. So I said, for God’s sake, why me? And they said, no well, you were a bomber pilot in the war, you see, so you must know how to make bombs. I said, but for Christ’s sake, Govan, (Mbeki) we didn’t make our own bombs. And they said, but you know about those things and I said, no, bombs were made in bloody factories, I don’t know. So he said, anyway, you’re appointed. We did a good job, actually.|source=Strachan, quoted by Zoe Mulder.<ref name="brams">((cite web|url=http://www.literarytourism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=80:harold-strachan-brams-bow-maker&catid=20:research-papers&Itemid=42|title=Harold Strachan: Bram's Bow-maker|last=Molver|first=Zoe|publisher=literarytourism.co.za|date=5 March 2007|access-date=30 October 2017))</ref>))

Meanwhile, in November 1962, the then-Minister of Justice, [[John Vorster]], banned ''New Age''. When the editorial board came out with its successor publication ''Spark'', Vorster went one step further by banning not the newspaper but its editors and writers.<ref name="sacp bio"/> This effectively ended Mbeki's role as editor and journalist in the country. On 11 July 1963, he was arrested with other MK high commanders. In 1964, he was an accused in the [[Rivonia Trial]] and sentenced to [[Robben Island]].

==Books==
In 1939, Mbeki published his first book, ''Transkei in the Making''.<ref>Colin Bundy, 2012, Govan Mbeki, Johannesburg: Jacana, p. 161</ref> A supporter of the 1950-1961 [[Pondoland peasant revolt]], he wrote the pioneering study of the movement, ''South Africa: The Peasants' Revolt'' from 1958, which was published in 1964.<ref>Govan Mbeki, 1964, ''South Africa: The Peasants' Revolt, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books).</ref> Much of the book is an analysis of the political economy of the Transkei, rather than the revolt itself.<ref>Colin Bundy, 2012, ''Govan Mbeki'', Johannesburg: Jacana, p. 93</ref>

[[File:FortHareGuitarGovanMbeki.JPG|thumb|Govan Mbeki's guitar at Robben Island (Fort Hare Archives, 2016)]]
Following the [[Rivonia Trial]], Mbeki served a long-term on [[Robben Island]], during which he managed to run education classes with prisoners, many on [[Marxist]] theory, and wrote a number of significant analyses jail, which were kept on the island and used for discussions. The surviving copies have since been published.<ref>Govan Mbeki, 2015, ''Learning from Robben Island: The Prison Writings of Govan Mbeki'', Cape Town: Kwela Books</ref>

In 1992, he published ''The Struggle For Liberation in South Africa: A Short History'' and in 1996, ''Sunset at Midday: Latshonilangemini!''

==Release and post-apartheid role==
Mbeki was released from custody after serving 24 years in the [[Robben Island]] prison on 5 November 1987. He served in South Africa's post-[[apartheid]] [[Senate of South Africa|Senate]] from 1994 to 1997 as Deputy President of the Senate, and then the Senate's successor, the [[National Council of Provinces]], from 1997 to 1999.

Mbeki died in [[Port Elizabeth]] on 30 August 2001. He was given [[state funeral]] during his son's presidency ([[Thabo Mbeki|Thabo]]) on 8 September 2001.<ref>((Cite web|title=Govan Mbeki ((!)) South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/govan-mbeki|website=www.sahistory.org.za|access-date=2020-05-30))</ref> His remains were the subject of controversy in 2006 when plans were made to exhume them, and place them in a museum. These plans were called off after Mbeki's family refused the request.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1868179,00.html |title=Govan Mbeki reburial called off |website=News24.com |date=23 January 2006 |author=Helga van Staaden |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225219/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-7-1442_1868179%2C00.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead))</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Mbeki received an honorary doctorate in the Social Sciences from the University of Amsterdam in 1978.<ref name="auto">''Folia civitatis'', v. 31, no. 18 (24 December 1977)</ref> His son [[Moeletsi Mbeki|Moeletsi]] attended the ceremony, as Mbeki was imprisoned at Robben Island.<ref name="auto"/> 
[[File:Eredoctoraat sociale wetenschappen voor Govan Mbeki (1978).jpg|thumb|Honorary doctorate, Amsterdam 1978]]

On 26 June 1980, the Secretary General of the then-illegal [[African National Congress]], [[Alfred Nzo]], announced the conferring of the [[Isitwalandwe Medal]], the ANC's highest honour, on Mbeki. Mbeki was, however, not present to receive the award, because he was serving a life imprisonment sentence on [[Robben Island]].

Mbeki received international recognition for his political achievements including the renaming (at Mandela's suggestion) of the recently opened health building at [[Glasgow Caledonian University]].<ref>((Cite web|title=Have You Heard From Johannesburg|url=https://www.clarityfilms.org/haveyouheardfromjohannesburg/biographies.php?id=23|website=www.clarityfilms.org|access-date=2020-05-30))</ref><ref name=":1">((Cite book|last=Kasuka|first=Bridgette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpRQwsE-PmYC&q=Govan+Mbeki+Health+Building+was+inaugurated+in+2001&pg=PA182|title=Independence Leaders of Africa|date=2012-02-07|publisher=Bankole Kamara Taylor|isbn=978-1-4700-4175-5|language=en))</ref> The Govan Mbeki Health Building was inaugurated in 2001 at a ceremony featuring his son [[Thabo Mbeki|Thabo]].<ref name=":1" />

The [[Govan Mbeki Local Municipality]] in [[Mpumalanga|Mpumulanga]] is named in his honour.

[[Order for Meritorious Service]] in gold (2003).

In 2004 he was voted 97th in the [[Great South Africans|SABC 3's Great South Africans]].

In 2013 a large section of road between Swartklip and Baden Powell Road, running between the neighborhoods of Browns Farm, [[Gugulethu]], [[Nyanga, Western Cape|Nyanga]] and [[Crossroads, Western Cape|Crossroads]] in Cape Town was renamed Govan Mbeki Road.<ref>((Cite web|title=Six streets in Cape Town renamed|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/six-streets-in-cape-town-renamed-1490148|access-date=2021-04-07|website=www.iol.co.za|language=en))</ref>
 
((Apartheid))

The Health Building at Glasgow Caledonian University, in Glasgow Scotland, is named after him. https://www.gcu.ac.uk/aboutgcu/supportservices/conferences/mediagallery/govanmbekibuilding

==See also==
*[[Prisons in South Africa]]
*[[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island]]

==References==
'''Notes''' 
((reflist|group=nb))
'''Citations'''
((reflist|30em))

==External links==
*[https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/mbeki/index.htm Govan Mbeki Archive] at [[marxists.org]]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Mbeki, Govan))
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mnquma Local Municipality]]
[[Category:Xhosa people]]
[[Category:Members of the South African Communist Party]]
[[Category:Members of the African National Congress]]
[[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:University of Fort Hare alumni]]
[[Category:South African atheists]]
[[Category:South African Marxists]]
[[Category:South African prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by South Africa]]
[[Category:Inmates of Robben Island]]
[[Category:African National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of South Africa]]
[[Category:Members of the National Council of Provinces]]
[[Category:UMkhonto we Sizwe personnel]]
[[Category:Mbeki family]]

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