You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 3.85.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 21:48, 22 February 2026.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 05:35, 21 February 2024
- Expiry of block: 05:35, 21 February 2029
Your current IP address is 3.85.235.113. The blocked range is 3.85.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((short description|Graphene nanoparticle with a size less than 100 nm))
((redirect|GQD|the radio station with callsign GQD|Anthorn Radio Station))
((Multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=February 2015))
((cleanup reorganize|date=February 2015))
))

'''Graphene quantum dots''' ('''GQDs''') are [[graphene]] [[nanoparticle]]s with a size less than 100 [[nanometer|nm]].<ref name=":0">((Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Shampa |last2=Sachdeva |first2=Bhuvi |last3=Sachdeva |first3=Punya |last4=Chaudhary |first4=Vishal |last5=Rani |first5=Gokana Mohana |last6=Sinha |first6=Jitendra Kumar |date=2022-10-01 |title=Graphene quantum dots as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the management of Alzheimer's disease |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-022-00397-9 |journal=Carbon Letters |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=1381–1394 |doi=10.1007/s42823-022-00397-9 |s2cid=252188554 |issn=2233-4998))</ref> Due to their exceptional properties such as low toxicity, stable [[photoluminescence]], chemical stability and pronounced [[Potential well|quantum confinement]] effect, GQDs are considered as a novel material for biological, opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications.<ref name="Henna 110651">((Cite journal |last1=Henna |first1=T. K. |last2=Pramod |first2=K. |date=May 2020 |title=Graphene quantum dots redefine nanobiomedicine |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32204078/ |journal=Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications |volume=110 |pages=110651 |doi=10.1016/j.msec.2020.110651 |issn=1873-0191 |pmid=32204078|s2cid=213861659 ))</ref>

==Properties==
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) consist of one or a few layers of graphene and are smaller than 100&nbsp;nm in size.<ref name=":1">((Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Hasan |first2=Md Tanvir |last3=Gonzalez-Rodriguez |first3=Roberto |last4=Truly |first4=Tate |last5=Lee |first5=Bong Han |last6=Green |first6=Kayla N. |last7=Akkaraju |first7=Giridhar |last8=Naumov |first8=Anton V. |date=October 2021 |title=Graphene quantum dot formulation for cancer imaging and redox-based drug delivery |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34015513/ |journal=Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine |volume=37 |pages=102408 |doi=10.1016/j.nano.2021.102408 |issn=1549-9642 |pmid=34015513|s2cid=235075216 ))</ref><ref name=":0"/> They are chemically and physically stable, have a large surface to mass ratio and can be dispersed in water easily due to functional groups at the edges.<ref name=Tian2018>((cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.mtchem.2018.09.007 |title= Graphene quantum dots from chemistry to applications |journal= Materials Today Chemistry|volume=10 |pages=221–258 |year=2018 |last1=Tian |first1=P. |last2=Tang |first2=L. |last3=Teng |first3=K.S. |last4=Lau |first4=S.P.|doi-access=free |hdl=10397/80356 |hdl-access=free ))</ref><ref name=Wang2014>((cite journal |doi=10.1002/ppsc.201400219 |title= Recent Advances in Graphene Quantum Dots for Fluorescence Bioimaging from Cells through Tissues to Animals |journal=Particle & Particle Systems Characterization |volume=32 |issue= 5 |pages=515–523 |year=2014 |last1=Wang |first1=Dan |last2=Chen |first2=Jiang-Fen |last3=Dai |first3=Liming|s2cid= 53120598 ))</ref>  The fluorescence emission of GQDs can extend across a broad spectral range, including the UV, visible, and IR. The origin of GQD fluorescence emission is a subject of debate, as it has been related to quantum confinement effects, defect states and functional groups<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1002/adma.200902825 |pmid=20217780
|title=Hydrothermal Route for Cutting Graphene Sheets into Blue‐Luminescent Graphene Quantum Dots
|journal=Advanced Materials |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=734–738 |year=2010 |last1=Pan|first1=Dengyu |last2=Zhang |first2=Jingchun |last3=Li |first3=Zhen|last4=Wu |first4=Minghong |bibcode=2010AdM....22..734P
|s2cid=39981399
))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Shujun |last2=Cole |first2=Ivan S. |last3=Zhao |first3=Dongyuan |last4=Li |first4=Qin |title=The dual roles of functional groups in the photoluminescence of graphene quantum dots |journal=Nanoscale |date=2016 |volume=8 |issue=14 |pages=7449–7458 |doi=10.1039/C5NR07042B |pmid=26731007 |bibcode=2016Nanos...8.7449W |hdl=10072/142465 |hdl-access=free ))</ref> that might depend on the [[pH]], when GQDs are dispersed in water.<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1039/C3NR06353D |pmid= 24589665 |title= A general quantitative pH sensor developed with dicyandiamide N-doped high quantum yield graphene quantum dots |journal=Nanoscale |volume=6 |issue= 7 |pages=3868–3874 |year=2014 |last1=Wu|first1=Zhu Lian |last2=Gao |first2=Ming Xuan |last3=Wang |first3=Ting Ting |last4=Wan |first4=Xiao Yan |last5=Zheng |first5=Lin Ling|last6=Huang |first6=Cheng Zhi |bibcode= 2014Nanos...6.3868W))</ref>  Their electronic structure depends sensitively on the crystallographic orientation of their edges, for example zigzag-edge GQDs with 7-8&nbsp;nm diameter show a metallic behavior.<ref name=pmid19219032>((cite journal |doi=10.1038/nmat2378 |pmid=19219032 |title=The influence of edge structure on the electronic properties of graphene quantum dots and nanoribbons |journal=Nature Materials |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=235–42 |year=2009 |last1=Ritter |first1=Kyle A |last2=Lyding |first2=Joseph W |bibcode=2009NatMa...8..235R ))</ref> In general, their energy gap decreases, when the number of graphene layers or the number of carbon atoms per graphene layer is increased.<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.spmi.2019.106171 |title=Single-particle energy – and optical absorption – spectra of multilayer graphene quantum dots |journal=Superlattices and Microstructures |volume=132 |pages=106171|year=2019 |last1=Wimmenauer|first1=Christian |last2=Scheller |first2=Julienne |last3=Fasbender |first3=Stefan|last4=Heinzel |first4=Thomas |s2cid=198435346 ))</ref>

==Health and safety==
((Main|Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials|Nanotoxicology))
The toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles is a matter of ongoing research.<ref name="Henna 110651"/><ref name="OuSong2016">((cite journal |last1=Ou |first1=Lingling |last2=Song |first2=Bin |last3=Liang |first3=Huimin |last4=Liu |first4=Jia |last5=Feng |first5=Xiaoli |last6=Deng |first6=Bin |last7=Sun |first7=Ting |last8=Shao |first8=Longquan |title=Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms |journal=Particle and Fibre Toxicology |date=31 October 2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=57 |doi=10.1186/s12989-016-0168-y |pmid=27799056 |pmc=5088662 |doi-access=free ))</ref> The toxicity (both in vivo and cytotoxicity) of GQDs are related to a variety of factors including particle size, methods of synthesis, chemical doping and so on.<ref name="The toxicity of graphene quantum do">((cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Shujun |last2=Cole |first2=Ivan S. |last3=Li |first3=Qin |title=The toxicity of graphene quantum dots |journal=RSC Advances |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=92 |pages=89867–89878 |doi=10.1039/C6RA16516H |bibcode=2016RSCAd...689867W ))</ref> Many authors claim, that GQDs are biocompatible and cause only low toxicity<ref name=Tian2018/><ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1039/C2CC00110A |pmid= 22410424|title= Graphene quantum dots: emergent nanolights for bioimaging, sensors, catalysis and photovoltaic devices|journal=Chemical Communications |volume=48 |issue= 31|pages=3686–3699|year=2012 |last1=Shen|first1=Jianhua |last2=Zhu |first2=Yihua |last3=Yang |first3=Xiaoling|last4=Li |first4=Chunzhong ))</ref> as they are just composed of organic materials, which should lead to an advantage over semiconductor [[quantum dots]].<ref name=Wang2014/> Several [[in vitro]] studies, based on cell cultures, show only marginal effects of GQDs on the viability of human cells.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ShangZhang2014">((cite journal |last1=Shang |first1=Weihu |last2=Zhang |first2=Xiaoyan |last3=Zhang |first3=Mo |last4=Fan |first4=Zetan |last5=Sun |first5=Ying |last6=Han |first6=Mei |last7=Fan |first7=Louzhen |title=The uptake mechanism and biocompatibility of graphene quantum dots with human neural stem cells |journal=Nanoscale |date=2014 |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=5799–5806 |doi=10.1039/c3nr06433f |pmid=24740121 |bibcode=2014Nanos...6.5799S ))</ref><ref name="FasbenderAllani2017">((cite journal |last1=Fasbender |first1=Stefan |last2=Allani |first2=Sonja |last3=Wimmenauer |first3=Christian |last4=Cadeddu |first4=Ron-Patrick |last5=Raba |first5=Katharina |last6=Fischer |first6=Johannes C. |last7=Bulat |first7=Bekir |last8=Luysberg |first8=Martina |last9=Seidel |first9=Claus A. M. |last10=Heinzel |first10=Thomas |last11=Haas |first11=Rainer |title=Uptake dynamics of graphene quantum dots into primary human blood cells following in vitro exposure |journal=RSC Advances |date=2017 |volume=7 |issue=20 |pages=12208–12216 |doi=10.1039/C6RA27829A |bibcode=2017RSCAd...712208F |doi-access=free ))</ref><ref name="ZhuZhang2011">((cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Shoujun |last2=Zhang |first2=Junhu |last3=Qiao |first3=Chunyan |last4=Tang |first4=Shijia |last5=Li |first5=Yunfeng |last6=Yuan |first6=Wenjing |last7=Li |first7=Bo |last8=Tian |first8=Lu |last9=Liu |first9=Fang |last10=Hu |first10=Rui |last11=Gao |first11=Hainan |last12=Wei |first12=Haotong |last13=Zhang |first13=Hao |last14=Sun |first14=Hongchen |last15=Yang |first15=Bai |title=Strongly green-photoluminescent graphene quantum dots for bioimaging applications |journal=Chemical Communications |date=2011 |volume=47 |issue=24 |pages=6858–60 |doi=10.1039/c1cc11122a |pmid=21584323 ))</ref> An in-depth look at the gene expression changes caused by GQDs with a size of 3&nbsp;nm revealed that only one, namely the selenoprotein W, 1 out of 20 800 gene expressions was affected significantly in primary human hematopoietic stem cells.<ref name="FasbenderZimmermann2019">((cite journal |last1=Fasbender |first1=Stefan |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Lisa |last3=Cadeddu |first3=Ron-Patrick |last4=Luysberg |first4=Martina |last5=Moll |first5=Bastian |last6=Janiak |first6=Christoph |last7=Heinzel |first7=Thomas |last8=Haas |first8=Rainer |title=The Low Toxicity of Graphene Quantum Dots is Reflected by Marginal Gene Expression Changes of Primary Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells |journal=Scientific Reports |date=19 August 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=12028 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48567-6 |pmid=31427693 |pmc=6700176 |bibcode=2019NatSR...912028F ))</ref> On the contrary, other [[in vitro]] studies observe a distinct decrease of cell viability and the induction of autophagy after exposure of the cells to GQDs<ref name="XieWan2019">((cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Yichun |last2=Wan |first2=Bin |last3=Yang |first3=Yu |last4=Cui |first4=Xuejing |last5=Xin |first5=Yan |last6=Guo |first6=Liang-Hong |title=Cytotoxicity and autophagy induction by graphene quantum dots with different functional groups |journal=Journal of Environmental Sciences |date=March 2019 |volume=77 |pages=198–209 |doi=10.1016/j.jes.2018.07.014 |pmid=30573083 |s2cid=58555272 ))</ref> and one [[in vivo]] study in zebrafish larvae observed the alteration of 2116 gene expressions.<ref name="DengJia2018">((cite journal |last1=Deng |first1=Shun |last2=Jia |first2=Pan-Pan |last3=Zhang |first3=Jing-Hui |last4=Junaid |first4=Muhammad |last5=Niu |first5=Aping |last6=Ma |first6=Yan-Bo |last7=Fu |first7=Ailing |last8=Pei |first8=De-Sheng |title=Transcriptomic response and perturbation of toxicity pathways in zebrafish larvae after exposure to graphene quantum dots (GQDs) |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |date=September 2018 |volume=357 |pages=146–158 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.063 |pmid=29883909 |s2cid=47013910 ))</ref> These inconsistent findings may be attributed to the diversity of the used GQDs, as the related toxicity is dependent on particle size, surface functional groups, oxygen content, surface charges and impurities.<ref name="GuoMei2014">((cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Xiaoqing |last2=Mei |first2=Nan |title=Assessment of the toxic potential of graphene family nanomaterials |journal=Journal of Food and Drug Analysis |date=March 2014 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=105–115 |doi=10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.009 |pmid=24673908 |pmc=6350507 ))</ref> Currently, the literature is insufficient to draw conclusions about the potential hazards of GQDs.<ref name="OuSong2016"/>

==Preparation==
Presently, a range of techniques have been developed to prepare GQDs. These methods are normally classified into two groups top down and bottom up. Top down approaches applied different techniques to cut bulk graphitic materials into GQDs including graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, coal, carbon black and carbon fibres. These techniques mainly include [[electron beam lithography]], [[chemical synthesis]], electrochemical preparation, [[graphene oxide]] (GO) reduction, [[Buckminsterfullerene|C60]] [[catalyst|catalytic]] transformation, the [[microwave radiation|microwave]] assisted hydrothermal method (MAH),<ref name=pmid22559247>((cite journal |doi=10.1021/nn300760g |pmid=22559247 |title=Deep Ultraviolet Photoluminescence of Water-Soluble Self-Passivated Graphene Quantum Dots |journal=ACS Nano |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=5102–10 |year=2012 |last1=Tang |first1=Libin |last2=Ji |first2=Rongbin |last3=Cao |first3=Xiangke |last4=Lin |first4=Jingyu |last5=Jiang |first5=Hongxing |last6=Li |first6=Xueming |last7=Teng |first7=Kar Seng |last8=Luk |first8=Chi Man |last9=Zeng |first9=Songjun |last10=Hao |first10=Jianhua |last11=Lau |first11=Shu Ping |hdl=10397/28413 |hdl-access=free ))</ref><ref name=pmid24848545>((cite journal |doi=10.1021/nn501796r |pmid=24848545 |title=Deep Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Emission and Photoresponse in Layered N-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots |journal=ACS Nano |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=6312–20 |year=2014 |last1=Tang |first1=Libin |last2=Ji |first2=Rongbin |last3=Li |first3=Xueming |last4=Bai |first4=Gongxun |last5=Liu |first5=Chao Ping |last6=Hao |first6=Jianhua |last7=Lin |first7=Jingyu |last8=Jiang |first8=Hongxing |last9=Teng |first9=Kar Seng |last10=Yang |first10=Zhibin |last11=Lau |first11=Shu Ping |url=https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa21239 ))</ref> the Soft-Template method,<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1002/ppsc.201200131 |title=Size-Dependent Structural and Optical Characteristics of Glucose-Derived Graphene Quantum Dots |journal=Particle & Particle Systems Characterization |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=523–31 |year=2013 |last1=Tang |first1=Libin |last2=Ji |first2=Rongbin |last3=Li |first3=Xueming |last4=Teng |first4=Kar Seng |last5=Lau |first5=Shu Ping |hdl=10397/32222 |s2cid=96410135 |hdl-access=free ))</ref> the [[Hydrothermal synthesis|hydrothermal method]],<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1039/C3TC31473A |title=Multicolour light emission from chlorine-doped graphene quantum dots |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry C |volume=1 |issue=44 |pages=7308–13 |year=2013 |last1=Li |first1=Xueming |last2=Lau |first2=Shu Ping |last3=Tang |first3=Libin |last4=Ji |first4=Rongbin |last5=Yang |first5=Peizhi |hdl=10397/34810 |hdl-access=free ))</ref><ref name=pmid23579482>((cite journal |doi=10.1039/C3NR33849E |pmid=23579482 |title=Focusing on luminescent graphene quantum dots: Current status and future perspectives |journal=Nanoscale |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=4015–39 |year=2013 |last1=Li |first1=Lingling |last2=Wu |first2=Gehui |last3=Yang |first3=Guohai |last4=Peng |first4=Juan |last5=Zhao |first5=Jianwei |last6=Zhu |first6=Jun-Jie |bibcode=2013Nanos...5.4015L ))</ref><ref name=pmid24699893>((cite journal |doi=10.1039/C4NR00693C |pmid=24699893 |title=Sulphur doping: A facile approach to tune the electronic structure and optical properties of graphene quantum dots |journal=Nanoscale |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=5323–8 |year=2014 |last1=Li |first1=Xueming |last2=Lau |first2=Shu Ping |last3=Tang |first3=Libin |last4=Ji |first4=Rongbin |last5=Yang |first5=Peizhi |bibcode=2014Nanos...6.5323L |hdl=10397/34914 |hdl-access=free ))</ref> and the ultrasonic exfoliation method.<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1063/1.4896278 |bibcode=2014ApPhL.105k1116Z |title=Chlorine doped graphene quantum dots: Preparation, properties, and photovoltaic detectors |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=105 |issue=11 |pages=111116 |year=2014 |last1=Zhao |first1=Jianhong |last2=Tang |first2=Libin |last3=Xiang |first3=Jinzhong |last4=Ji |first4=Rongbin |last5=Yuan |first5=Jun |last6=Zhao |first6=Jun |last7=Yu |first7=Ruiyun |last8=Tai |first8=Yunjian |last9=Song |first9=Liyuan ))</ref> Top down methods usually need intense purification as strong mixed acids are used in these methods. On the other hand, bottom up methods assemble GQDs from small organic molecules such as citric acid<ref>((cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Shujun |last2=Chen |first2=Zhi-Gang |last3=Cole |first3=Ivan |last4=Li |first4=Qin |title=Structural evolution of graphene quantum dots during thermal decomposition of citric acid and the corresponding photoluminescence |journal=Carbon |date=February 2015 |volume=82 |pages=304–313 |doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2014.10.075 |hdl=10072/69171 |hdl-access=free ))</ref> and glucose. These GQDs have better biocompatibility.<ref name="The toxicity of graphene quantum do"/>

==Application==
Graphene quantum dots are studied as an advanced multifunctional material due to their unique [[optics|optical]], [[electronics|electronic]],<ref name=pmid19219032/> [[Spin (physics)|spin]],<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.84.035425 |title=Electric-field controlled spin in bilayer triangular graphene quantum dots |journal=Physical Review B |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=035425 |year=2011 |last1=Güçlü |first1=A. D |last2=Potasz |first2=P |last3=Hawrylak |first3=P |arxiv=1104.3108 |bibcode=2011PhRvB..84c5425G |s2cid=119211816 ))</ref> and [[photoelectricity|photoelectric]] properties induced by the quantum confinement effect and edge effect. They have possible applications in treatment of Alzheimer's disease,<ref name=":0" /> [[Microscopy|bioimaging]],<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Huiting |last2=Li |first2=Wenjun |last3=Dong |first3=Haifeng |last4=Wei |first4=Menglian |date=September 2019 |title=Graphene Quantum Dots for Optical Bioimaging |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31304647/ |journal=Small |volume=15 |issue=36 |pages=e1902136 |doi=10.1002/smll.201902136 |issn=1613-6829 |pmid=31304647|s2cid=196617689 ))</ref> [[photothermal therapy]],<ref name=":1" /><ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1039/C6RA25976F |title=Multifunctional graphene quantum dots for combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy coupled with cancer cell tracking applications |journal=RSC Advances |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=5251–61 |year=2017 |last1=Thakur |first1=Mukeshchand |last2=Kumawat |first2=Mukesh Kumar |last3=Srivastava |first3=Rohit |bibcode=2017RSCAd...7.5251T |doi-access=free ))</ref>  [[Temperature measurement|temperature sensing]],<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01893 |title=Graphene Quantum Dots from ''Mangifera indica'': Application in Near-Infrared Bioimaging and Intracellular Nanothermometry |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=1382–91 |year=2017 |last1=Kumawat |first1=Mukesh Kumar |last2=Thakur |first2=Mukeshchand |last3=Gurung |first3=Raju B |last4=Srivastava |first4=Rohit ))</ref>  [[drug delivery]],<ref name="KerstingFasbender2019">((cite journal |last1=Kersting |first1=David |last2=Fasbender |first2=Stefan |last3=Pilch |first3=Rabea |last4=Kurth |first4=Jennifer |last5=Franken |first5=André |last6=Ludescher |first6=Marina |last7=Naskou |first7=Johanna |last8=Hallenberger |first8=Angelika |last9=Gall |first9=Charlotte von |last10=Mohr |first10=Corinna J |last11=Lukowski |first11=Robert |last12=Raba |first12=Katharina |last13=Jaschinski |first13=Sandra |last14=Esposito |first14=Irene |last15=Fischer |first15=Johannes C |last16=Fehm |first16=Tanja |last17=Niederacher |first17=Dieter |last18=Neubauer |first18=Hans |last19=Heinzel |first19=Thomas |title=From ''in vitro'' to ''ex vivo'': subcellular localization and uptake of graphene quantum dots into solid tumors |journal=Nanotechnology |date=27 September 2019 |volume=30 |issue=39 |pages=395101 |doi=10.1088/1361-6528/ab2cb4 |pmid=31239418 |bibcode=2019Nanot..30M5101K |doi-access=free ))</ref><ref name=pmid27287144>((cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.007 |pmid=27287144 |title=Milk-derived multi-fluorescent graphene quantum dot-based cancer theranostic system |journal=Materials Science and Engineering: C |volume=67 |pages=468–477 |year=2016 |last1=Thakur |first1=Mukeshchand |last2=Mewada |first2=Ashmi |last3=Pandey |first3=Sunil |last4=Bhori |first4=Mustansir |last5=Singh |first5=Kanchanlata |last6=Sharon |first6=Maheshwar |last7=Sharon |first7=Madhuri ))</ref> [[light-emitting diode|LEDs]] lighter converters, [[photodetector]]s, [[Organic solar cell|OPV solar cells]], and photoluminescent material, [[biosensors fabrication]].<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1021/acsomega.9b00858 |pmid=31460168 |pmc=6648105 |title=Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Oxide Dots-Based "Turn-OFF" H2O2, Au(III), and "Turn-OFF–ON" Hg(II) Sensors as Logic Gates and Molecular Keypad Locks |journal=ACS Omega |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=10702–10713 |year=2019 |last1=Bogireddy |first1=Naveen Kumar Reddy |last2=Barba |first2=Victor |last3=Agarwal |first3=Vivechana ))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cadmium-free quantum dot]]
* [[Carbon quantum dot]]
* [[Carbon nanotube quantum dot]]

==References==
((reflist))

[[Category:Graphene]]
[[Category:Quantum dots]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

GQD (edit)
Graphene quantum dot (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cleanup reorganize (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Redirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Redirect hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Graphene quantum dot.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene_quantum_dot"