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((Short description|Species of bird))
((Use dmy dates|date=May 2023))
((Speciesbox
| name = Green peafowl
| image = Javan Green Peafowl in Baluran National Park.jpg
| image_caption = Male in display
| image2 = Green Peafowl.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>((cite iucn |title=''Pavo muticus'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |page=e.T22679440A131749282 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679440A131749282.en |access-date=27 January 2022))</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2 
| status2_system = CITES 
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Pavo
| species = muticus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
|subdivision = 
*''P. m. muticus'' ((small|Linnaeus, 1766))
*''P. m. spicifer'' ((small|[[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1804))
*''P. m. imperator'' ((small|[[Jean Théodore Delacour|Delacour]], 1949))
| range_map = Pavo muticus range map.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the green peafowl
))

The '''green peafowl''' or '''Indonesian peafowl''' ('''''Pavo muticus''''') is a [[peafowl]] [[species]] native to the tropical forests of [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Indochina]]. It is the national bird of [[Myanmar]]. Formerly common throughout Southeast Asia, only a few isolated populations survive within [[Cambodia]] (mainly in the northern and eastern provinces) and adjacent areas of [[Vietnam]]. It has been listed as [[endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2009, primarily due to widespread deforestation, agriculture and loss of suitable habitat, severely fragmenting the species' populations and contributing to an overall decline in numbers. Due to their natural beauty, they are still sometimes targeted by the pet trade, feather collectors, and even by hunters for meat. They are a much-desired bird for private and home [[Aviculture|aviculturists]], despite their rather high-maintenance care requirements (when compared to the more common and hardy [[Indian blue peafowl]]).<ref name=iucn/><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.wwf.org.kh/projects_and_reports2/endangered_species/birds/green_peafowl |publisher=WWF Cambodia/World Wide Fund For Nature |date=2021 |access-date=30 December 2022 |title=Green Peafowl))</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Pavo muticus3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Adult female head and upper neck]]
[[File:Green Peafowl 0A2A0093.jpg|thumb|Male profile]]

Unlike the [[sister species]] Indian peafowl, the sexes of the green peafowl are [[Monomorphism (biology)|monomorphic]], especially in the wild((clarification|reason= Alluding to captive hybrids (spaldings)?|date=November 2023)). Both males and females have long upper-tail [[Covert feather#Tail coverts|covert feathers]]. In the male, this extends up to ((Cvt|2|m)) and is adorned with [[Eyespot (mimicry)#In birds|eyespots]]; in the female, the coverts are green and much shorter, just covering the tail. Outside of the [[breeding season]], however, the male's tail coverts (or '''''train''''') is [[moulted]]; distinguishing the sexes during this period can be difficult unless they are observed quite up close. The neck and breast feathers (of both sexes) are highly [[Iridescence|iridescent]] green and resemble [[Chinese dragon]] scales. In the male, the scapular, median, and greater [[wing]] coverts are blue; the lesser coverts are green and form a triangle of scaly shoulder feathers (when the wing is closed). The secondaries are black and, in some subspecies, the tertials are brown and/or barred with a faint pattern. The female has blue lesser coverts, and lacks the triangle at the wing-shoulder. Females also have neck scales fringed with [[Copper (color)|copper]], as well as more barring on the back, the primaries and [[alula]]. Both sexes have [[Crest (feathers)|crest feather]]s, are long-legged, [[wing loading|heavy-winged]], and long-tailed in silhouette. The crest of the female has slightly wider plumes, while those of the male are thinner but taller. The facial skin is double-striped with a whitish-blue; beside the ear is a [[yellow-orange]] crescent. The dark triangle below the eye (towards the eyebrow) is bluish-green in the male, and brown in the female. Seen from a distance, they are generally dark-coloured birds with pale [[vermilion]]- or [[Buff (colour)|buff]]-coloured [[Flight feather#Primaries|primaries]], which are quite visible in their peculiar flight; this action has been described as a true "flapping" flight, lacking the gliding that one associates with many birds.

Green peafowl are generally more silent than Indian peafowl; the males [[Bird vocalization|vocalize]] at their roost sites at dawn and dusk. The males of some subspecies (especially ''P. m. imperator'') call with a loud "''ki-wao''", which is often repeated. The female has an equally loud "''AOw-aa''" call, with an emphasis on the first syllable. The males may also make a similar sound to the females.<ref name=birdlife/>

Green peafowl are large birds in terms of overall size, though rather lighter-bodied than a [[wild turkey]]. Green peafowl are, perhaps, the longest extant wild bird in total beak-to-tail length. The male is ((cvt|1.8|-|3|m)) in total length, including its train, which itself measures ((cvt|1.4|-|1.6|m)). The tail coverts are even longer than those of the male Indian peafowl, but are shorter than those of the [[argus (bird)|argus pheasant]]. The adult female is around half the total length of the breeding male at ((cvt|1|-|1.1|m)) in length. It has a relatively large wingspan that averages around ((cvt|1.2|m)) and can reach ((cvt|1.6|m)) in big males. The green peafowl is capable of sustained (albeit energy-intensive) [[bird flight|flight]] and is often observed on the wing.<ref name=Biddle2002/>

==Distribution and habitat==
The green peafowl was widely distributed in [[Southeast Asia]] in the past from southern [[China]] especially [[Yunnan]], eastern and north-eastern [[India]], southeastern [[Bangladesh]], northern [[Myanmar]], extending through [[Laos]], and [[Thailand]] into [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]], and the island of [[Java]] in [[Indonesia]]. Records from northeastern India have been questioned and old records are possibly of [[introduced species|feral bird]]s.<ref name=pcr/> The ranges have reduced with [[habitat destruction]] and hunting.<ref name=birdlife/>

Green peafowl are found in a wide range of habitats, including [[Primary forest|primary]] and [[secondary forest]], both [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]], as well as [[Evergreen forest|evergreen]] and deciduous. They may also be found amongst [[bamboo]], on grasslands, [[savanna]]s, [[Shrubland|scrub]], and [[farmland]] edge. In Vietnam, the preferred habitat was found to be dry, [[deciduous forest]] close to water and away from human disturbance.<ref name=Brickle2002/> Proximity to water appears to be an important factor.<ref name=viet/>

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Okyo Peacock and Peahen.jpg|thumb|1781 painting by [[Maruyama Okyo]]]]
The species was first classified as ''Pavo muticus'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]], although it was previously described in Europe by [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]] as "Pavo Iaponensis" based on a Japanese painting given to the pope by the emperor of [[Japan]]. These birds were depicted as having no spurs; Linnaeus followed Aldrovandi's description. The Japanese had imported green peafowl from Southeast Asia for hundreds of years, and the birds were frequently depicted in Japanese paintings. As a result, the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] described by Linnaeus was "Habitat in [[Japan|Japonia]]", though the species is not native to Japan (they were kept by the emperor and no longer occur). [[François Levaillant]] was one of the first Western ornithologists to see a live bird, imported from [[Macau]] to an animal collection in [[Cape of Good Hope]]. From an Indian painting, [[George Shaw (biologist)|George Shaw]] described a peafowl native to India with a "blue head" and an "upright lanceolate crest", which he named ''Pavo spicifer'', the spike-crested peacock. A third form of green peafowl was described in 1949 by [[Jean Delacour]], as ''P. imperator'', found in Indochina. From the advice of a bird dealer in Hong Kong, Delacour concluded there were three [[Subspecies|races]] of green peafowl, lumping ''P. spicifer'' into the species, as well. Today, most authorities recognise these three:<ref name=zma/><ref name=Clements2007/><ref name=Dickinson2003/>

* ''Pavo muticus muticus'', the '''Java peafowl''' ([[Nominate subspecies|nominate]]). Extant population endemic to the east and western ends of Java, Indonesia. Extinct populations from the [[Malay Peninsula]] from the [[Kra Isthmus]] extending south to [[Kedah]] have also been described as being synonymous with the Javanese population, but no published studies have confirmed this assumption. Often described as the most colourful of the three subspecies, the neck and breast is a metallic golden-green with cerulean blue wing coverts. Females have prominent barring on the back and tertials.
* ''P. m. imperator'', the '''Indo-Chinese peafowl'''. From east Myanmar to Thailand, [[Yunnan]] province in China and [[Indochina]], this subspecies is the most common and has the widest distribution. In Thailand, it is currently confined to the [[Nan River|Nan]], [[Yom River|Yom]], [[Eng River|Eng]] and [[Ping River|Ping]] river basins in northern Thailand and the [[Huai Kha Khaeng]] and [[Mae Klong]] basins in western Thailand. In Vietnam, it has become extinct in the northern part of the country, its last large population being confined to the southeast in [[Yok Đôn National Park|Yok Đôn]] and [[Cát Tiên National Park]]. ''imperator'' is intermediate in colouration between the other two forms.
* ''P. m. spicifer'', the '''Burmese peafowl'''. Found in Bangladesh towards southwestern Thailand, formerly also in northern Malaysia. Birds in Northeast India are sometimes considered extinct but are still occasionally sighted. However, sightings have sometimes been questioned as feral or escaped birds. Delacour considered the west and east sides of the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy river]] to be the dividing line between ''spicifer'' and ''imperator'' respectively. A population of ''spicifer'' was reintroduced to [[Hlawga National Park]] east of the Irrawaddy river. Sometimes described as "duller" than the other forms, it has a matte gun metal-blue to olive-green neck and breast, and more black on the wing-coverts and outer web of secondaries. The crown of the male is violet-blue which often extends further down the nape than other subspecies, demarcating the colours of the crown and neck.

Delacour dismissed several aberrant specimens to be individual variations (including the [[type specimen]]s for ''imperator'' originating from the [[Bolaven Plateau]] in Laos), and stated more subspecies may be recognised with further studies. However, few studies have been conducted to substantiate Delacour's classification, even though it is accepted by nearly all authorities.  Some authors have suggested that the population found in Yunnan, which are traditionally classified as ''imperator'', may be another race.<ref name=Madge2002/> Using the [[cytochrome b]] [[mitochondrial DNA]] gene, Ouyang et al. estimated the divergence period between green and Indian peafowl to be 3 million years. In the same study, they also noted there appeared to be two different forms of green peafowl in Yunnan which should be classified as distinct subspecies.<ref name=Ouyang2008/> A 2005 article from ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]'' newspaper of Malaysia stated that research indicated the Malaysian form to be identical to the Javanese form, but the study was not published and some authors dispute the result. Due to the large range of ''imperator'' in Indochina, other subspecies within its range have also been proposed, notably ''annamensis'' of Southeast Asia and ''yunnanensis'' of [[Yunnan]].<ref name="lastchance">((cite web|url=http://www.aviculture-europe.nl/nummers/06E02A10.pdf|title=The Last Chance for the Green Peafowl (''Pavo muticus'')?|last=Mennig|first=Wolfgang|publisher=WPA Germany|access-date=23 March 2012))</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Peacocks 777.jpg|thumb|Female (peahen) with one chick]]
[[File:Merak tarung.jpg|thumb|Fighting peacocks in [[Baluran National Park]], Indonesia]]
The green peafowl is a [[forest]] bird which [[Bird nest|nests]] on the ground laying an [[egg clutch|egg clutch]] with three to six eggs.<ref name=Grimmett1999/>

It has been widely stated that the green peafowl is [[Polygyny in animals|polygynous]], but males are [[solitary animal|solitary]] and do not display in [[lek (biology)|lek]]s. Instead the solitary males are highly [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] and form [[harem (zoology)|harem]]s with no [[pair bond]]s. However, the theory that the male is polygynous also conflicts with observations in captivity; pairs left alone with no human interaction have been observed to be strongly [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]]. The close similarity between both sexes also suggests a different [[courtship display]] in contrast to that of the Indian peafowl. Thus, some authors have suggested that the harems seen in the field are juvenile birds and that males are not promiscuous.<ref name=birdlife/>

They usually spend time on or near the ground in [[Poaceae|tall grass]]es and [[sedge]]s. Family units [[roosting|roost]] in trees at a height of ((Cvt|10|-|15|m)).<ref name=birdlife/> The diet consists mainly of [[fruit]]s, [[invertebrate]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[frog]]s and [[rodent]]s. As with the other member of its genus, the green peafowl can even hunt [[venomous snake]]s. [[Tick]]s and [[termite]]s, [[flower petal]]s, [[bud]]s, [[leaves]] and [[berries]] are favorite foods of the adult peafowl.((cn|date=November 2023))

==Status==
Due to hunting; especially [[poaching]], and a reduction in extent and quality of habitat, the green peafowl is evaluated as [[endangered species|endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. It is listed on Appendix II of [[CITES]]. The world population has declined rapidly and the species no longer occurs in many areas of its past distribution. The last strongholds for the species are in protected areas such as [[Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Thailand, [[Cat Tien National Park]] in Vietnam and [[Baluran National Park]], [[Ujung Kulon National Park]] in Java, Indonesia. The population in the wild was estimated to be about 5,000 to 10,000 individuals around 1995.<ref name=birdlife/> In Cambodia, [[Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary]] was shown to hold a significant and increasing population of around 745 individuals in 2020.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Nuttall|first1=M. |last2=Nut|first2=M. |last3=Ung |first3=V. |last4=O’kelly|first4=H. |date=2017 |title=Abundance estimates for the endangered Green Peafowl ''Pavo muticus'' in Cambodia: identification of a globally important site for conservation |journal=Bird Conservation International |volume=27|issue=1|pages=127–139 |s2cid=89013924 |doi=10.1017/S0959270916000083 |doi-access=free))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|last1=Nuttall|first1=M. N. |last2=Griffin |first2=O. |last3=Fewster|first3=R. M. |last4=McGowan|first4=P. J. K. |last5=Abernethy |first5=K. |last6=O'Kelly |first6=H. |last7=Nut|first7=M. |last8=Sot|first8=V. |last9=Bunnefeld |first9=N. |title=Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |year=2021 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e614 |doi=10.1111/csp2.614 |s2cid=245405123 |doi-access=free))</ref>

Although there is no natural range overlap with the Indian peafowl, [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridisation]] is still a threat where the Indian peafowl is introduced as they produce fertile hybrids. In captivity hybrids are called "Spalding" peafowl and are used by breeders to create different [[breed]]s. Through [[backcrossing]] some hybrids become almost indistinguishable from pure green peafowl.<ref name=Hybrid/> As the species as a whole is sometimes called "Java peafowl" in aviculture, the subspecies of green peafowl are also mixed in captivity and there are many captive birds of unknown provenance. In some areas of their native range, captive green peafowl have sometimes been released in the vicinity of a breeding station even though their true origins remain unknown.((cn|date=November 2023))

In 2005, it was reported that successful reintroductions were being made in Malaysia by the World Pheasant Association.<ref name=Star2005/> Genetic research allegedly proved that the Javan and Malay peafowl are genetically identical, and the subspecies ''muticus'' was introduced based on scientific community consensus. However, the assumption that the Malaysian and Javanese ''muticus'' birds are the same subspecies remains controversial, so it is uncertain which subspecies was introduced.<ref name=lastchance/>

==Cultural significance==
[[File:WikiProject Myanmar peacock.svg|thumb|The green peacock was a royal symbol of Burma's monarchs]]
[[File:Flag of National League for Democracy.svg|thumb|right|The flag of the [[National League for Democracy]] party features a stylised fighting peacock next to a star.]]
In Myanmar, the green peafowl was an ancient symbol of the country's monarchs.<ref name=crwflags/>
((Refimprove section|date=November 2023))

The green peafowl is often depicted in Japanese paintings from the [[Edo period]], notably by [[Maruyama Ōkyo]] and [[Nagasawa Rosetsu]].
''[[The Peacock Room]]'', a room installation painted between 1876 and 1877 by [[James McNeill Whistler]] now located in the [[Freer Gallery of Art]] in Washington, D.C., prominently features paintings of green peafowl.
It was also shown during British colonial times on the flag of the governor and the naval ensign, as well as on the flag of the [[State of Burma]] from 1943 to 1945 and on the currency of independent Burma as well.

==References==
((Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=Biddle2002>((cite book|last=Biddle|first=Tami Davis|title=Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse : A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World|series=Princeton Field Guides|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-691-08908-9))</ref>

<ref name=birdlife>((cite report|publisher=BirdLife International|year=2006|work=Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=1052–1087|title=Pavo muticus|url=http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/pavomuti.pdf))</ref>

<ref name=Brickle2002>((cite journal|last=Brickle|first=Nick W.|journal=Biological Conservation|year=2002|volume=105|issue=2|title=Habitat use, predicted distribution and conservation of green peafowl (''Pavo muticus'') in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam|pages=189–197|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00182-3))</ref>

<ref name=Clements2007>((cite book|last=Clements|first=James F.|title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World|edition=6th|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7136-8695-1|publisher=Christopher Helm|location=London))</ref>

<ref name=crwflags>((cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/mm-hist.html|title=Burma: historical flags|website=crwflags.com))</ref>

<ref name=Dickinson2003>((cite book|editor-last=Dickinson|editor-first=Edward C.|title=The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World|edition=3rd|year=2003|isbn=0-7136-6536-X)).</ref>

<ref name=Grimmett1999>((cite book|last1=Grimmett|first1=R.|last2=Inskipp|first2=C.|last3=Inskipp|first3=T.|title=Birds of India: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|url=http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/6808.html|year=1999|isbn=0-691-04910-6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909173547/http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/6808.html|archive-date=9 September 2006))</ref>

<ref name=Hybrid>((cite web|last=Mennig|first=Wolfgang|title=Green Peafowl and Hybrids Tips and Tricks to identify unpure birds|url=http://wpa.tecker.info/hybrid.pdf|publisher=World Pheasant Association|access-date=22 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191921/http://wpa.tecker.info/hybrid.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=dead))</ref>

<!--  <ref name=Johnsgard1999>((cite book|title=The Pheasants of the World: Biology and Natural History|last=Johnsgard|first=P.A.|year=1999 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=1-56098-839-8|page=374))</ref>-->

<ref name=Madge2002>((cite book|last1=Madge|first1=Steve|first2=Phil|last2=McGowan|year=2002|title=Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse: A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=0-7136-3966-0))</ref>

<ref name=Ouyang2008>((cite web|last=Ouyang|first=Yi Na|title=Genetic Divergence between Pavo muticus and Pavo cristatus by Cyt b Gene|url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YNDX200902014.htm|year=2008|publisher=Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University))</ref>

<ref name=pcr>((cite book|last1=Rasmussen|first1=P.C.|first2=J.C.|last2=Anderton|year=2005|title=The Birds of South Asia |publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|isbn=978-84-96553-85-9))</ref>

<ref name=Star2005>((cite news|last=Chiew|first=Hilary|newspaper=The Star, Malaysia|title=The return of the Green peafowl|date=11 January 2005|url=http://www.ecologyasia.com/news-archives/2005/jan-05/star_050111_1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205055846/http://www.ecologyasia.com/news-archives/2005/jan-05/star_050111_1.htm|archive-date=5 February 2012|url-status=dead))</ref>

<ref name=viet>((cite report|last1=Brickle|first1=N.W.|first2=Nguyen|last2=Cu|first3=Ha Quy|last3=Quynh|first4=Nguyen Thai Tu |last4=Cuong|first5=Hoang Van|last5=San|year=1998|title=The Status and Distribution of Green Peafowl ''Pavo muticus'' in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam |publisher=BirdLife International – Vietnam Programme|location=Hanoi, Vietnam |url=http://thiennhienviet.org.vn/sourcebook/report_pdf/report1.pdf|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00182-3))</ref>

<ref name=zma>((cite web|url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/zma3d/detail.php?id=143&type=family&sort=taxon|title=Zoological Museum Amsterdam|access-date=20 April 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813082548/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/zma3d/detail.php?id=143&type=family&sort=taxon|archive-date=13 August 2009))</ref>
))

==External links==
((Commons category|Pavo muticus))
((Wikispecies|Pavo muticus))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060629031146/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Pavo_muticus/ Arkive images and movies of the green peafowl (''Pavo muticus'')]
*[http://www.pavo-muticus.com The Green Peafowl of Thailand]
*((Xeno-canto species|Pavo|muticus|Green peafowl))
*((BirdLife|22679440|Pavo muticus))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070112032437/http://www.gbwf.org/pheasants/green_peafowl.html Green peafowl (''Pavo muticus'')] at [http://www.gbwf.org/ gbwf.org]
*((Avibase|name=Pavo muticus))
*((InternetBirdCollection|green-peafowl-pavo-muticus|Green peafowl))
*((VIREO|Green+peafowl))
*((IUCN_Map|22679440|Pavo muticus))

((Taxonbar |from=Q254636))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1766|green peafowl]]
[[Category:Pavo (genus)|green peafowl]]
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Endangered animals]]
[[Category:Endangered biota of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|green peafowl]]
[[Category:Birds of Myanmar]]

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