European settlement from Ontario and the British Isles began in 1882 before the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the site of the town,[7] and "the town's name honours Pasco du Pre Grenfell, a railway company official."[8] The post office was established in 1883.
History
The settlement was the result of the westward expansion of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the town is named after Pasco du P. Grenfell, an early shareholder of the railway company and a prominent railwayman.[9] Initial settlement was from eastern Canada and the British Isles, followed shortly thereafter by Germans.[9]
The Grenfell cricket team, c. 1890. With many English immigrants it was cricket that was the more popular pastime, rather than baseball. While popular in the early days, its influence did not last.
Grenfell was incorporated as a town in 1911. It has a stable economic base and reasonable land prices.[citation needed]
The community sent men to war in both the First and Second World Wars. They are remembered at the local cenotaph.[10]
As in many other prairie towns, Chinese railworkers from the building of the CPR in the 1880s settled down and established local businesses: as late as the 1960s there were two Chinese cafés on Main Street.
Grenfell is close enough to the provincial commercial and political metropole of Regina that its residents do not feel impossibly remote and can repair there when occasion demands; it is far enough away that a lively local community persists. The town has long been known for cultural vitality; in 1974 the University of Saskatchewan, Regina Campus choir gave a concert in the Community Hall with the audience filling the hall, students accommodated by town and farm families. Eminent provincial academics, lawyers, medical doctors, lieutenant-governors, musicians and artists either came from or spent time working in Grenfell.
Geography
Grenfell is located in the Indian Head Plain of the Aspen Parkland ecoregion on the parkland of the Qu'Appelle flood plain. Grenfell is within the topographical area of Weed Hills. The bedrock geology belongs to that of the Mannville Group, a stratigraphical unit of Cretaceousage in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin formed during the lower Cretaceous period.[11] The area is characterised by lush rolling grasslands, interspersed with poplar bluffs (in prairie Canadian terminology poplar groves surrounding sloughs) and open sloughs.[12]
Sakimay First Nation consists of 11,295.2 ha located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) northeast of Grenfell and includes 1,340 people on the Sakimay, Shesheep, Little Bone and Minoachuk reserves.[13] Grenfell Beach is located within the Sakimay Reserve area on Crooked Lake.[14]
Climate
Grenfell has a humid continental climate. It has warm summers and cold winters. Snow cover generally lasts from November to March.
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Grenfell had a population of 1,059 living in 483 of its 550 total private dwellings, a change of -3.6% from its 2016 population of 1,099. With a land area of 3.14 km2 (1.21 sq mi), it had a population density of 337.3/km2 (873.5/sq mi) in 2021.[18]
Of the current adult population in 2006, 43.7 per cent were male and 55.8 per cent were female. Children under five accounted for approximately 1.6 per cent of the resident population of Grenfell.[15]
According to data from 2001, more than 12.1% of the town's residents identify themselves as Catholic; 37.5% of residents are Protestant, 4.2% are Christian and 3.2% of residents do not practise a religion.[16]
Whereas, the first settlers were from the British Isles and eastern Canada, later immigrants from Germany would also settle here.[2]
The town of Grenfell has a mayor as the highest ranking government official. The town also elects aldermen or councillors to form the municipal council. Currently the mayor is Rod Wolfe, and is serving with councillors Constance MacKenzie, Corey Thiessen, Ken Hamnett, Patty Cole, Tyler Tomlinson and Wes Overand. The Chief Administrative Officer is Victoria McDonald.[24]
By 1915, Grenfell hosted a flour mill company, one of 37 across the province.[25]
The CPR employed hundreds of Chinese labourers on its incremental westward growth from Ontario to British Columbia throughout the 1880s. Once the railroad was complete many Chinese returned to railroad towns like Grenfell to establish cafés and groceries which persisted until the latter part of the twentieth century. Well into that time Grenfell was served by two such Chinese cafés and groceries which considerably contributed to the amenity of its business district. Grenfell also had a women's clothing store on Main Street and the provisions of a bakeshop and movie theatre on Front Street well into the 1960s.
A cinema on Front Avenue opposite the railway line continued in business until the 1960s, much beyond the time when such facilities had lapsed in other, larger prairie towns which were closer to urban metropoles. No doubt this was in part because television transmission remained poor, Grenfell being a good 75 miles (121 km) east of the broadcast locus in Regina. However they might have regretted the lack of choice, community life was assuredly enhanced by first-release films being available only in the town cinema.
Access to both Regina and somewhat less quickly Winnipeg became vastly more convenient and fast with the great improvement in quality of the Trans-Canada Highway, even substantially eliminating the demand for train passenger transport. This constituted both an improvement in town and farm dwellers' overall quality of life but decline in its nature within the town without a lengthy drive. As in virtually all prairie Canadian towns, the centre of commerce was from the beginning until very recently the grain elevators: assorted grain-buying companies maintained large depots to which farmers regularly brought wheat and other crops for sale whenever the centralised grain-buying board announced a quota.
A Grenfell grain elevator remaining in 2011, one of several once in regular use.
Main Street, Grenfell, 1980. Note grain elevators, from the outset of settlement the predominating feature of prairie towns; now long removed.
Main Street, Grenfell, circa 1975
Windsor Theatre and bakery still in use pre-1947.
Front Avenue, Grenfell, 2011. Bakery and theatre building after closure.
A Grenfell hotel and restaurant in 2011 succeeding two Chinese restaurants and demonstrating transformation in town life since access to the city has become vastly easier.
Infrastructure
Grenfell's hospital was first established in 1915, followed by a maternity home in 1933.[11] The hospital in Grenfell was one of 52 hospital closures announced April 15, 1993, by Health Minister Louise Simard.[26] Grenfell belongs to the Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region, and a hospital is within a 10-minute drive. The Grenfell Medical Centre is staffed with a doctor, emergency room, lab and x-ray department. As well Grenfell is home to the Grenfell and District Pioneer Home providing health care for senior citizens of the area.[27]
The Canadian Pacific Railway came through in October 1882. Shacks and tents appeared the following spring allowing the village to incorporate on April 12, 1894, with over 100 residents. It was reorganised in 1967 becoming the Grenfell Branch of the South East Regional Library.[29] Grenfell was located on the CPR West line between Regina and Winnipeg, Manitoba. The line ran through Indian Head, Sintaluta, Wolseley, Summerberry then Grenfell and continues west through Oakshela, Broadview. It is here that in 1925, the time zone changed from Central Standard Time to Mountain Standard Time.[30]
Education
Grenfell High School circa 1925.MacPherson School, north of town, circa 1925.
Grenfell is home to the Mechanic's Library Institute which was established in 1882 being one of the province's oldest libraries.[31]
Grenfell Elementary Community School offers pre-school to grade 6 with an enrolment near 160 pupils.[32] Grenfell High Community School offers Grade 7 to Grade 12 to an enrolment of about 134 students.[33] Both a part of the Prairie Valley School Division #208.[31]
Historically several one-room school houses served Grenfell and area. Faulkner School District #53 was one of the first established in 1886 followed by Rillington #62, and Prospect #65. Grenfell #150 was located south of the town site. Le Cain #224, Tetlock #289, Brown Hill #353, Arlington #429, Sims #432, Wolf Hills #823, Gettel #1904, and Oakshela #2458 came next serving the community until the 1950s. By the 1960s only two of every former one-room schoolhouses were still in use.[34]
Churches
Grenfell United Church 2011.St. Michael's and All Angels Anglican.
The Presbyterians, Methodists and Church of England all held services in the CPR depot beginning in 1883 and townspeople of all denominations attended regardless of affiliation.[35] By 1884 the Presbyterians had built the town's first church[35] and in 1885 the Anglicans the town's second, St Michael and All Angels’.[35] The Methodists built their first church in 1890 and, soon outgrowing it, a second in 1906, the first building being destroyed by fire concurrently with the opening of the new church.[36] The second Methodist church building remains that of the United Church of Canada congregation which came into existence as Grenfell United Church upon the unification of Canadian Presbyterians, Methodists and Congregationalists in 1925, the old Presbyterian church building being sold to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows as a lodge room.[37] It is reported that "[i]n publications of the day, clergy recounted their experiences. There were the monotonous, if not exhausting, trips in the heat of summer or the cold of winter made by the Rector of Grenfell, Frank V. Baker, arriving disappointed to find '... only a handful of people gathered' for a service."[38]
The Lutherans built their first Peace Lutheran Church in 1905[39] and a second, larger building in 1951, the old building being sold to the Ukrainian Orthodox congregation.[40] The Roman Catholics, originally of substantially Irish stock, built St Columbkill Church in 1903[41] and, with an influx of Polish and Ruthenian families found their numbers considerably increased[41][42] and by 1944 moved and extended the church building;[43] in 1979 they opened a second, completely modern church building.[43] Protestant Austrians organised the St John's Evangelical and Reformed congregation in 1888 and built two churches in succession in 1894 and 1903[43] before amalgamating with the United Church in 1964.[44] The Baptists purchased the town's disused first schoolhouse in 1895 for use as their church; their congregation dwindled over time and in the mid-1960s the Apostolic Church purchased the building; they subsequently built a new church and the Masons acquired the old Baptist church for use as a lodge.[44] The Grenfell Revival Centre opened in a disused Lutheran church building in 1960.[45] The Ukrainian Catholics initially affiliated themselves with the Roman Catholics and worshipped jointly with them; in 1921 they were able to build their own church and in 1957 acquired the Lutherans’ old and now disused church building.[46] In 1991 a re-constituted Presbyterian congregation was established in Grenfell as Trinity Presbyterian Church.[47]
Museums and other prominent points of interest
Grenfell's Adare Museum has "a wide collection of artifacts" and a "military display, historical map of the area and [a] 1949 Fargo fire truck." It was a "Queen Anne revival style home" built in 1904 by Mr. and Mrs. Edward Fitz-Gerald, he "the editor and publisher of the first local newspaper in Grenfell in 1894", the purchaser of which house divided it into suites and "bequeathed [it] to the Town for senior citizens housing." Ultimately "the Grenfell Museum Association became curator and opened it as a museum on July 6, 1973."[48] A reputation for unusual community interest in culture was demonstrated in 1974 when the choir of the then-University of Saskatchewan, Regina Campus, chose to perform in Grenfell's Community Hall among its destinations on a provincial tour.
Grenfell Regional Park located on the west side of Grenfell features picnic, playground area, showers, food services, and a nine-hole sand greens golf course.[49]
Military
Grenfell was home to one of the seven chapters of the Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire (IODE) established in 1909 after the Boer War, for women's aid to the war effort.[50] The Royal North-West Mounted Police force detachment was established in Grenfell in 1915.[11] Following World War II the militia was reorganised in 1961, the 10th Field Regiment consisted of several batteries including 65th Battery Grenfell.[51]
Sports and recreation
Before 1900, Grenfell, Battleford, Saltcoats and Moosomin all hosted soccer teams.[52] In 1905 the Saskatchewan Soccer Association was first established in Grenfell.[31] In the 19th century, Grenfell boasted one of the dozen or so "town bands" or "citizens’ bands" of the North-West Territories.[53] The early English settlers had a flair for sporting activities, kept hounds and horses and also established a run similar to that of fox hunting runs in Britain in the 1800s.[54] One of Canada's first polo clubs started in Grenfell.[31] Currently, the town features an active snowmobiling club, the Grenfell Snowdrifters, and the Grenfell Spitfire Hockey club plays in the Qu'Appelle Valley Hockey League. The Flames are the recreational hockey club, and the Titans are the seniors ball club.[55]
The Community Centre on Main Street has a substantial hall which has been used for presentation of university choir concerts with full audience indicating enthusiastic appreciation.
Prominent Grenfell natives and residents
William John Patterson, Premier and Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan.James Thomas Milton Anderson.Canadian prairie pioneer Benjamin Parkyn Richardson.
James Dill, Member of Council of the North-West Territories 1891-98.
William J. Patterson, provincial premier from 1935 to 1944 and Lieutenant-Governor from 1951 to 1958 was born in Grenfell[2][9] as was Lorne MacPherson, the Canadian entertainment lawyer, founder of the Alberta Motion Picture Development Corporation and independent film producer.[56]
Frederick W. Johnson taught school in Grenfell before serving in the Second World War and then practising law for many years in Regina, being appointed to the Court of Queens Bench, serving as its Chief Justice from 1977 to 1983 and ultimately becoming the sixteenth Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan between 1983 and 1988. Johnson was also first chancellor of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit.[31]
Benjamin Parkyn Richardson, MLA 1888-1891, as also the first president of the Grenfell Agricultural Society which was established in 1884.[31] "In the death of Benjamin Parkyn Richardson, the district of Grenfell has lost one of its early pioneers and the town one of its most prominent and active citizens. Coming to what was then Grenfell in the spring of 1884, he at once identified himself with the interests of the West, at that time still uncertain, its future success- doubtful. The difficulties and discouragement of those early years, is still fresh and green in the memories of some who are still with us, but who, like him whose loss we now deplore, have lived to see the full dawn of a brighter day, and a truer knowledge of the land we live in." was reported in the Grenfell Sun, 1910.[58] He was also the director of the Hospital Board, chairman of the Public School Board, and editor of the Grenfell Sun, of which he was a founder.
Dennis A. FitzGerald born January 1, 1903, in Grenfell and graduated Grenfell High School in 1919.[59] FitzGerald became director of the United States Department of Agriculture's Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, as chief of ECA's food division. Paul Hoffman, his superior in the division, said of him on his appointment, "He's probably the greatest authority on food procurement and distribution in the world."[60]
John Hubbard of Grenfell became the first president of the Saskatchewan Beekeepers Association in 1923. He organised the first meeting at his apiary in Grenfell in 1920[61]
R.J. Staples, born 1904 in Grenfell, was a prominent educater in the field of music. After receiving his education at the University of Saskatchewan he taught at several schools in Saskatchewan followed by serving as advisor on school music courses and provincial supervisor. He introduced workshops in school music methods and was instrumental in the introduction of the recorder in Canadian schools.[62]
Dr. Calvin Bricker, a Grenfell dentist, competed in the Olympics. In the London 1908 Summer Olympics he gained a bronze medal in the men's long jump, and during the 1912 Summer Olympics held in Stockholm he won the silver medal, again for men's long jump.[64] Bricker was inducted into the University of Toronto, Saskatchewan and Canadian Sports Hall of Fame.[65] Canadian athletes who excel in jumping activities are awarded the Cal D. Bricker Memorial trophy.[31]
^ abcMcLennan, David (2006). "Grenfell". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^ ab"Hon. Steven Bonk". Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. Government of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
^ abCommissioner of Canada Elections, Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (2005). "Elections Canada On-line". Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
^ abcThorpe, J. (1999). "Natural Vegetation". In Kai-iu Fung; Bill Barry; Wilson, Michael (eds.). Atlas of Saskatchewan Celebrating the Millennium (Millennium ed.). Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 46, 63, 76, 91, 160. ISBN0-88880-387-7.
^Coupland, R.T. (1969). "Natural Vegetation of Saskatchewan". In J.H. Richards; K.I. Fung (eds.). Atlas of Saskatchewan. J.S. Rowe. Saskatoon, SK, CA: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 72–78.
^ ab"2006 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. July 24, 2008. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
^ ab"2001 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. February 1, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
^"Grenfell, Saskatchewan". Municipal Directory System. Government of Saskatchewan. June 13, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
^Ambrosi, Raymond (2006). "Milling". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^Houston, C. Stuart (2006). "Hospitals". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^"Health Services". Town of Grenfell. iCompass Technologies Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
^Chaput, John (2006). "Soccer". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^Wasiak, Edwin B. (2006). "Soccer". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^Grade 7 class at Henry Kelsey Public School (1973). E.T. Russell (ed.). What's In a Name?. Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books. p. 136. ISBN0-919306-39-X.((cite book)): CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^"Organisations". Town of Grenfell. iCompass Technologies Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
^Gruszka, John; Ray Ambrosi (2006). "Beekeeping". Encyclopaedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Centre University of Regina. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
