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((Short description|Type of light infantry, 18th century))
((refimprove|date=April 2014))
((Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Grenz infantry
|image= Serbian frontiersman in Syrmia, 1742.jpg
|caption= Serbian Grenzer, 1742
|dates=
|country= ((flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy)) [[Habsburg monarchy]]<br>((flagicon|Austrian Empire)) [[Austrian Empire]]<br>((flagicon|Austria-Hungary)) [[Austria-Hungary]]
|type= [[Light infantry]]<br/> [[Border guard]]
|role=
|size=
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname= Grenzers / Krajišnici
|motto=
|colours=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles= [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars]] and the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
|notable_commanders= [[Adam Bajalics von Bajahaza]], [[Wilhelm von Wartensleben]], [[Ignác Gyulay]], [[Mathias Rukavina von Boynograd]], [[Josef Philipp Vukassovich]]
|anniversaries=
))
((See also|Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars))
'''Grenz infantry''' or '''Grenzers''' or '''Granichary''' (from ((lang-de|Grenzer)) "[[border guard]]" or "frontiersman"; [[Serbo-Croatian]]: graničari, krajišnici, ((lang-sr-cyr|граничари, крајишници)), [[Russian Cyrillic]]: граничары) were [[light infantry]] troops who came from the [[Military Frontier]] in the [[Habsburg monarchy]] (later the [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Austria-Hungary]]). This borderland formed a buffer zone between Christian Europe and the [[Ottoman Empire]], and the troops were originally raised to defend their homelands against the Ottoman Turks. When there was no danger of war against the Ottomans, the Grenzer regiments were employed by the Habsburgs in other theatres of war, although one battalion of each regiment would always remain guarding the border.

As '''Granichary''', members of this Grenz infantry were invited to the [[Imperial Russia]] where on territory of modern Ukraine they formed historic frontier region of [[New Serbia (historical province)|New Serbia]].

==Origin==
Grenzers were the successors to the [[Irregular military|irregular troops]] of [[Trenck's Pandurs|Pandurs]], which were also raised as a [[militia]] by the Habsburgs in the 18th century to defend the border with the Ottomans and also used as skirmishers in the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref>Haythornthwaite, Philip. ''The Austrian Army 1740-80 (3): Specialist Troops''. Reed International Books Ltd, 1995. p13.</ref> However, by the time of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], troops from the Frontier were now formed into more regular [[line infantry]] regiments, but were considered by the Austrian generals as something between [[light infantry|light]] and line infantry. They were given training in marksmanship, skirmishing and the basics of linear tactics. At the start of the war, the 18 Grenz infantry regiments formed about a quarter of the [[Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars|Habsburg army]].((qn|date=June 2022))

[[File:Militargrenze, Wojwodowena und Banat.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|left|Map of the Militärgrenze or [[Military Frontier]] (marked with a red outline)]]
However, the Grenzers were first and foremost skirmishing troops and were thought not to perform as well in the role of line infantry as the regular regiments. As such, many in the Austrian military command did not hold them in much esteem. Following a mutiny in 1800, their numbers were reduced from 57,000 to only 13,000. Despite this, the Grenz infantry performed consistently well in battle, especially at [[Battle of Marengo|Marengo]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]], earning them respect from the French. Napoleon held them in high opinion and considered them as the most warlike troops in the entire Austrian army. He had no hesitation in using the Grenz infantry after Austria's defeat in the [[War of the Fifth Coalition]] in 1809. The [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]] compelled Austria to cede territory in the Military Frontier and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 10th and 11th Grenz Infantry Regiments went into French service. They fought for Napoleon until his defeat and abdication in 1814.

During the 19th century, the threat from the Ottoman Turks diminished and there was less need for troops to defend the Frontier. Also, with rise of South Slav nationalism and self-determination, the [[Austrian high command]] grew suspicious of the Grenz infantry and a possible uprising. With these factors, the number of Grenz infantry were steadily reduced, although they remained in service in the Austrian and later Austro-Hungarian army until the [[First World War]].((Citation needed|date=April 2011))

== History ==
Grenzers defend state border from the Ottomans in Croatia and Slavonia and in Hungary, including [[Transylvania]]. In the territory of Croatia and Slavonia mercenaries Grenzers were [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Vlachs]], [[Uskoks]], [[Martolos]] while in Hungary there were [[Croats]], [[Serbs]], [[Hajduks]], Martolos and Vlachs. The Vlachs in Croatia and the Hajduks in Hungary had not only personal but also territorial privileges. The Vlachs that emigrated from the Balkans brought along their customary law, cooperative as an old Slavic socio-economic community, while the name Hajduk in Hungary also denoted a special social layer.<ref>Ladislav Heka, 2019, The Vlach law and its comparison to the privileges of Hungarian brigands, https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=325892 #page=30</ref>

==Regiments==
[[File:2. wallachisches Siebenbürger Grenz - Inftr. Rgmt . Nº 17 - 1770.png|thumb|Officer and ''[[Gemeiner]]'' of the 2nd Wallachian Grenz Regiment in 1770]]
*1. Liccaner / [[Gospić]]
*2. Otocaner / [[Otočac]]
*3. Oguliner / [[Ogulin]]
*4. Szluiner / [[Karlovac]]
*5. Warasdiner-Kreuzer / [[Bjelovar]]
*6. Warasdiner-St. Georger / [[Bjelovar]]
*7. Brooder / [[Vinkovci]]
*8. Gradiscaner / [[Nova Gradiška]]
*9. Peterwardiner / [[Sremska Mitrovica|Mitrovitz]]
*10. First Banal / [[Glina, Croatia|Glina]]
*11. Second Banal / [[Petrinja]]
*12. Deutschbanater / [[Pancsova]]
*13. Wallachian-Illyrian / [[Caransebeş|Karánsebes]]
*14. First Szekler / [[Csíkszereda|Csík-Szereda]]
*15. Second Szekler / [[Kézdivásárhely|Kézdi-Vásárhely]]
*16. First Wallachian / [[Orlát]]
*17. Second Wallachian / [[Naszód]]

==See also==
((commonscat))
* [[Hussar]]
* [[Pandurs]]
* [[Skirmisher]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.napolun.com/mirror/web2.airmail.net/napoleon/Austrian_infantry.htm#austrianinfantrygrenz Austrian Infantry During the Napoleonic Wars]

((Military of Austria-Hungary))

((DEFAULTSORT:Grenz Infantry))
[[Category:Light infantry]]
[[Category:Seven Years' War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Military history of Austria]]
[[Category:Military of Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Military Frontier]]
[[Category:Habsburg Serbs]]
[[Category:Habsburg Croats]]
[[Category:Army of the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:Irregular military]]
[[Category:Mountain troops]]
[[Category:Border guards]]

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