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((Short description|Scottish regents))
((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((More citations needed|date=October 2009))
[[File:Government2.jpg|thumb|Great Seal appointed for the Government of the Realm after death of King Alexander III.]]
The '''Guardians of Scotland''' were [[regent]]s who governed the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] from 1286 until 1292 and from 1296 until 1306. During the many years of minority in Scotland's subsequent history, there were many guardians of Scotland and the post was a significant constitutional feature in the course of development for [[Politics of Scotland|politics in the country]].

==Guardians of Scotland during the First Interregnum 1286–1292==
The First Interregnum began upon the death of [[Alexander III of Scotland]] in 1286. Alexander's only surviving descendant was [[Margaret, Maid of Norway]], who was a young child and living in Norway where her father [[Eric II of Norway|Eric II]] was king. She was finally sent to Great Britain in 1290, but she died before arriving in Scotland. The next king of Scots was not determined until completion of [[Competitors for the Crown of Scotland|an arbitration]] in 1292. 

The following persons served as guardians during the First Interregnum:

* [[William Fraser (Guardian of Scotland)|William Fraser]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]]
* [[Robert Wishart]], [[Bishop of Glasgow]]
* [[John Comyn II of Badenoch]]
* [[James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland]]
* [[Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan]]
* [[Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife]]

In a letter (written in [[Old French]]) from the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scots Parliament]] of 1290, sitting at [[Birgham]], confirming the [[Treaty of Salisbury]], the guardians of Scotland are listed as:<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/frameset.php?id=id45&type=ms&filename=margaret_ms|title=Margaret: Manuscript -  1290, 14 March, Birgham - Parliamentary Records - Letters: confirmation of the treaty of Salisbury|publisher=[[Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707]], [[University of St Andrews]]|language=fro, en |access-date=2009-10-03))</ref>
<blockquote>
''"... Guillaume de Seint Andreu et Robert de Glasgu evesques, Johan Comyn et James Seneschal de Escoce, gardeins du reaume de Escoce..."''
</blockquote>

English translation: "William [Fraser] of St Andrews and Robert [Wishart] of Glasgow bishops, John Comyn and James the Steward of Scotland, guardians of the kingdom of Scotland".

* [[Bryan FitzAlan, Lord FitzAlan]] (13 June 1291 – ????)

==Guardians of Scotland during the Second Interregnum 1296–1306==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=3 | Guardians of the Kingdom of Scotland
|-
! colspan=3 | Guardian<br /><small>(Time in office)</small>
|- 
| colspan=3 | '''Sir [[William Wallace]] '''<br /><small>(1297&ndash;1298)</small>
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''Sir [[Robert the Bruce]]'''<br /><small>(1298&ndash;1300)</small>
| rowspan=3 | '''[[John Comyn III of Badenoch|John Comyn III]]'''<br /><small>(1298&ndash;1301)</small>
| —
|- 
| rowspan=2 | '''[[William de Lamberton]]'''<br /><small>(1299&ndash;1301)</small>
|-
| '''Sir [[Ingram de Umfraville]]'''<br /><small>(1300&ndash;1301)</small>
|- 
| colspan=3 | '''Sir [[John de Soules (Guardian of Scotland)|John de Soules]]'''<br /><small>(1301&ndash;1304)</small>
|}

==Guardians during the minority and reign of David II==
The Guardians during the minority and reign of [[David II of Scotland|David II]] were:
* [[Sir Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray]] (1329–1332), appointed by the Act of Settlement of 1318.
* [[Domhnall II, Earl of Mar|Donald, Earl of Mar]] (1332, for ten days)
* [[Sir Andrew Murray|Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell]] (1332 until captured by the English at Roxburgh Bridge in October).
* [[Archibald Douglas (died 1333)|Sir Archibald Douglas]] (1332 until killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333)
* [[Sir Andrew Murray|Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell]] for the second time (1335–1338, when he died following a brief illness)
* [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert the Steward]], nephew (older in years) to David and future king of Scotland. Robert was guardian on four occasions, sometimes jointly, and latterly twice during the eleven years of the king's enforced absence as a prisoner in [[England]] after the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] (1346–1357). He used these years to build a large power base in the country, especially north of the [[Firth of Forth|Forth]].

==Guardians during the reign of Robert II==
Guardians during the infirmity of [[Robert II of Scotland|King Robert II]]
* [[Robert III of Scotland|John Stewart, Earl of Carrick]] (November 1384–December 1388)
* [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany|Robert Stewart, Earl of Fife]] (December 1388 – 1390)

==See also==
*[[Competitors for the crown of Scotland]]
*[[List of regents#Kingdom of Scotland|List of regents in Scotland]]
*[[History of Scotland]]
*[[Politics of Scotland]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Sources==
* Mack, James Logan (1926). The Border Line. Pub. Oliver & Boyd. pp.&nbsp;317–322. 
* McNaught, Duncan (1912). Kilmaurs Parish and Burgh. Pub. A.Gardner. p.&nbsp;9.

==External links==
*[http://www.nas.gov.uk/images/RH5-55.jpg Cast of the seal of the Guardians of Scotland (NAS reference RH17/1/17)] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213232739/http://www.nas.gov.uk/images/RH5-55.jpg |date=2010-02-13 )) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20130916085046/http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/051124.asp Saint Andrew seals Scotland's independence]; at the [[National Archives of Scotland]]
*[http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-180-001-729-C Seal impression (cast), of Guardians of Scotland]; at the [[National Museums of Scotland]]

[[Category:Guardians of Scotland| ]]
[[Category:Wars of Scottish Independence]]
[[Category:1290s in Scotland]]
[[Category:Heads of state of Scotland|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Scottish people]]
[[Category:1300s in Scotland]]

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