Gynomonoecy is defined as the presence of both female and hermaphrodite flowers on the same individual of a plant species.[1] It is prevalent in Asteraceae but is poorly understood.[2]

It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with monoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy.[3]

Occurrence

This sexual system occurs in about 2.8% of flowering plants.[4] It is present in 3% of Silene species[5] and 23 families of flowering plants, but is most common in the daisy family, Asteraceae.[6] Of the approximately 23000 species in the Asteraceae[7]: 480  about 200 are gynomonoecious.[8]

Evolution

Gynomonoecy may be an intermediate evolutionary state between monoecy and hermaphroditism.[9] It is also postulated to be the ancestor to trimonoecy.[3]

Gynomonecy evolved once in Hawaiian Tetramolopium.[10]

In families like Compositae or Chenopodiaceae, gynomonoecy is considered leading path to monoecy from hermaphroditism and vice versa.[11]

References

  1. ^ Allaby, Michael (2006), "gynomonoecious", A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-860891-2, retrieved 2021-07-15
  2. ^ Martínez-Gómez, Pedro (2019). Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding. MDPI. p. 442. ISBN 978-3-03921-175-3.
  3. ^ a b Torices, Rubén; Méndez, Marcos; Gómez, José María (2011). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms". New Phytologist. 190 (1): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336.
  4. ^ BERTIN, ROBERT I.; GWISC, GREGORY M. (2002-11-01). "Floral sex ratios and gynomonoecy in Solidago (Asteraceae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 77 (3): 413–422. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00137.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
  5. ^ Casimiro-Soriguer, Inés; Buide, Maria L.; Narbona, Eduardo (2015-01-01). "Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene". AoB Plants. 7 (plv037). doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv037. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 4433491. PMID 25862920.
  6. ^ Mamut, Jannathan; Tan, Dun-Yan (2014). "Gynomonoecy in angiosperms: phylogeny, sex expression and evolutionary significance". Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 38 (1): 76–90. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00008.
  7. ^ Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). Sunderland MA, USA: Sinauer Associates Inc. ISBN 0-87893-403-0.
  8. ^ Avise, John C. (2011). Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality. Columbia University Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6.
  9. ^ Ainsworth, Charles (2008-04-15). Annual Plant Reviews, Flowering and its Manipulation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4051-7240-0.
  10. ^ Stuessy, Tod F.; Ono, Mikio (2007). Evolution and Speciation of Island Plants. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-521-04832-3.
  11. ^ Casimiro-Soriguer, Inés; Buide, Maria L.; Narbona, Eduardo (2015). "Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene". AoB Plants. 7 (plv037). doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv037. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 4433491. PMID 25862920.


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