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((Short description|British Hawkins-class heavy cruiser))
((other ships|HMS Vindictive))
((good article))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2017))
((Use British English|date=March 2017))
{|((Infobox ship begin))
((Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMS Vindictive carrier.jpg
|Ship caption=''Vindictive'' as an [[aircraft carrier]]
))
((Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag=((shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval))
|Ship name=''Vindictive''
|Ship ordered= April 1916
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Harland & Wolff]], [[Belfast]]
|Ship yard number=500
|Ship laid down=29 June 1916
|Ship launched=17 January 1918
|Ship completed=19 October 1918
|Ship christened=
|Ship commissioned=1 October 1918
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=June 1918 from ''Cavendish''
|Ship reclassified=*Aircraft Carrier, then returned to cruiser, 1924.
*[[Training ship]] in 1937
*[[Repair ship]], 1939
*Destroyer [[depot ship]], 1944
|Ship refit=
|Ship struck=
|Ship identification=[[Pennant number]]: 31 (July 1918); 48 (September 1919);<ref name="Dittmar Colledge">((cite book |last1=Dittmar |first1=F J |last2=Colledge |first2=J J |title=British Warships 1914–1919 |date=1972 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=Shepperton |page=32))</ref> 36 (1920); I36 (1938); D36 (1940)<ref name="Lenton Cruisers">((cite book |last1=Lenton |first1=H T |title=British Cruisers |date=1973 |publisher=Macdonald |location=London |page=150))</ref>
|Ship fate=[[ship breaking|Scrapped]], 1946
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
))
((Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(as completed 1918)
|Ship class=[[Laid down]] as a ((sclass|Hawkins|cruiser|0)) [[heavy cruiser]]
|Ship displacement=*((convert|9394|LT|t|0|lk=on)) (light)
* ((convert|12400|LT|t|0)) ([[deep load]])
|Ship length=((convert|605|ft|m|abbr=on|1)) ([[Length overall|o.a.]])
|Ship beam=((convert|65|ft|m|abbr=on|1))
|Ship draught=((convert|19|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on|1)) (mean)
|Ship power=*12 × [[Yarrow boiler]]s
*((convert|60000|shp|kW|abbr=on))
|Ship propulsion=4 × shafts; 4 × geared [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed=((convert|30|kn|lk=in))
|Ship range=((convert|5400|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on)) at ((convert|14|kn))
|Ship complement=648
|Ship armament=*4 × single [[BL 7.5 inch Mk VI naval gun|((convert|7.5|in|mm|abbr=on)) guns]]
*4 × single [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt|((cvt|3|in|0)) guns]]
*4 × single [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|3 in]] [[AA gun]]s
*6 × [[British 21 inch torpedo|21 in (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s 
|Ship armour=*[[Belt armor|Waterline belt]]: ((convert|1.5|-|4|in|mm|abbr=on|0))
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: ((convert|1|-|1.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on))
*[[Conning tower]]: ((convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on|0))
|Ship aircraft=6–12
|Ship notes=
))
|}
'''HMS ''Vindictive''''' was a warship built during the [[World War I|First World War]] for the [[Royal Navy]] (RN). Originally designed as a ((sclass|Hawkins|cruiser|0)) [[heavy cruiser]] and [[Keel laying|laid down]] under the name ''Cavendish'', she was converted into an [[aircraft carrier]] while still being built. Renamed in 1918, she was completed a few weeks before the end of the war and saw no active service with the [[Grand Fleet]]. The following year she participated in the [[British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919)|British campaign in the Baltic]] against the [[Bolsheviks]], during which her aircraft made numerous attacks against the naval base at [[Kronstadt]]. ''Vindictive'' returned home at the end of the year and was placed in [[Reserve fleet|reserve]] for several years before her flight decks were removed and she was reconverted back into a cruiser. The ship retained her aircraft [[hangar]] and conducted trials with an [[aircraft catapult]] before she was sent to the [[China Station]] in 1926. A year after her return in 1928, she was again placed in reserve.

''Vindictive'' was demilitarized and converted into a [[training ship]] in 1936–1937. At the beginning of the [[World War II|Second World War]] she was converted into a [[repair ship]]. Her first role after the conversion was completed in early 1940, however, was to transport troops during the [[Norwegian Campaign]]. She was then sent to the South Atlantic to support British ships serving there and, in late 1942, to the [[Mediterranean]] to support the ships there. ''Vindictive'' returned home in 1944 and was damaged by a German torpedo off the coast of [[Normandy]] after the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] invaded France. She was reduced to reserve after the war and sold for [[ship breaking|scrap]] in 1946.

==Background and description==
The ''Hawkins''-class cruiser was designed to hunt enemy [[commerce raider]]s overseas. This required a large ship to provide the necessary endurance for sustained operations away from supporting bases and high speed to catch the raiders. The design was also given high [[freeboard (nautical)|freeboard]] to allow it to maintain its speed in heavy weather. Sir [[Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt]], the [[Director of Naval Construction]], included both coal and oil-fired [[boiler (steam generator)|boiler]]s to provide the ship with fuel no matter the supply conditions. Four ships were ordered, named after famous [[Elizabethan]] seafarers, in 1915 and the fifth and last was ordered in April 1916, named HMS ''Cavendish'' after the adventurer and circumnavigator [[Thomas Cavendish]]. By this time the threat from German cruisers and raiders had ended, so construction proceeded slowly.<ref>Friedman 2010, pp. 65; Raven & Roberts, pp. 51–52</ref>

The cruisers had an [[length overall|overall length]] of ((convert|605|ft|m|1)), a beam of ((convert|65|ft|m|1)), and a mean [[draft (ship)|draught]] of ((convert|19|ft|3|in|m|1)) at [[deep load]]. They were designed to [[Displacement (ship)|displace]] ((convert|9750|LT|t|0)) and had a complement of 37 officers and 672 [[Naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=f0>Friedman 2010, p. 390</ref>

The ships had four [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] geared [[steam turbine]]s, each of which drove one propeller shaft. The turbines were designed to produce a total of ((convert|60000|shp|lk=in)) for a speed of ((convert|30|kn|lk=in)). Steam for the turbines was provided by 12 [[Yarrow boiler]]s; 8 of these were oil-fired while the remaining 4 used coal. They had a stowage capacity of ((convert|800|LT|t|0|abbr=on)) of coal and ((convert|1600|LT|t|0|abbr=on)) of [[fuel oil]], giving them a range of ((convert|5400|nmi|lk=in)) at a speed of ((convert|14|kn)).<ref>Hobbs, p. 41</ref>

The main armament of the ''Hawkins''-class cruisers consisted of seven 45-[[caliber (artillery)|calibre]] [[BL 7.5 inch Mk VI naval gun|((convert|7.5|in|mm|abbr=on)) Mk VI guns]] in [[pivot gun|pivot mounts]]. They were arranged in two [[superfiring]] pairs, one each fore and aft of the [[superstructure]], one on each [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] abreast the rear [[funnel (ship)|funnel]], and the last was on the quarterdeck at the same level as the lower of the rear superfiring pair; they were designated 1 through 7 from front to rear.<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 53</ref> At maximum elevation these guns fired a ((convert|200|lb|kg|0|adj=on)) shell to a range of ((convert|21114|yd)).<ref>Friedman 2011, p. 78</ref>

Their secondary armament comprised ten [[List of British ordnance terms#QF|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt|((cvt|3|in)) 20 cwt]]<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for [[hundredweight]], 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> guns. Six of these were on low-angle mounts intended for use against [[torpedo boat]]s and the remaining four were on high-angle mounts for [[anti-aircraft gun|anti-aircraft defence]]. They also mounted two submerged [[torpedo tube|tubes]], one on each broadside, and four fixed above-water tubes, two on each broadside, for [[British 21 inch torpedo|21-inch torpedoes]].<ref name=rr5/>

The ''Hawkins''-class cruisers were protected with armour that had a maximum thickness of 4 inches abreast the ships' [[magazine (artillery)|magazine]]s and a minimum thickness of ((convert|1.5|in)). It consisted of two layers of high-tensile steel of varying thicknesses that covered most of the ships' sides. The [[deck (ship)|deck]]s had a maximum thickness of ((convert|1|-|1.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on)) over the engine rooms, boilers, and the steering gear. The [[conning tower]] and its communication tube were protected by the only [[Krupp cemented armour]] in the ships and had thicknesses of 3 inches and ((convert|2|in|0)) respectively.<ref>Friedman 2010, p. 67; Raven & Roberts, p. 405</ref>

===Conversion into an aircraft carrier===
In January 1917, the [[Board of Admiralty]] reviewed the navy's aircraft carrier requirements and decided to order two ships fitted with both a [[Flight deck#Early|flying-off deck]] and a landing deck aft. The initial order had to be cancelled in April 1917 for lack of building facilities, so the Admiralty decided to convert ''Cavendish'', already under construction, in June 1917. No. 2 7.5-inch gun, two 3-inch guns and the conning tower were removed and the forward superstructure was remodelled into a ((convert|78|by|49|ft|m|1)) [[hangar]] with a capacity for six [[reconnaissance aircraft]]. The hangar roof, with a small extension, formed the ((convert|106|ft|adj=on)) flying-off deck. The aircraft were hoisted up through a hatch at the aft end of the flying-off deck by two [[derrick]]s. The ((convert|193|by|57|ft|m|1)) landing deck required the removal of Nos. 5 and 6 7.5-inch guns and moving the four 3-inch [[AA gun]]s to an elevated platform between the funnels, in lieu of the 3-inch guns intended for that position.<ref>Layman, pp. 62–63</ref> A port side [[Gangway (nautical)|gangway]] ((convert|8|ft|m|1)) wide connected the landing and flying-off decks to allow aircraft with their wings folded to be wheeled from one to the other. A [[crash barrier]] was hung from "the gallows" at the forward end of the landing on deck. To increase her stability after the addition of so much topweight, the upper portion of her anti-torpedo bulge was enlarged.<ref>Friedman 1988, pp. 51, 57</ref>

Although still overweight compared to her designed displacement, the modifications made the ship lighter than her [[sister ship]]s, at ((convert|9344|LT|t|0|abbr=on)) light displacement and a metacentric height of ((convert|3.59|ft|m|1)). She completed her [[sea trial]]s on 21 September 1918 and reached a speed of ((convert|29.12|kn)) from ((convert|63600|shp|kW)).<ref name=rr5/>

==Construction and career==
''Cavendish'' was laid down at the [[Harland & Wolff]] shipyard in [[Belfast]] on 26 June 1916 and [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 17 January 1918.<ref name=h3>Hobbs, p. 43</ref> In June she was renamed ''Vindictive'', the fifth ship of that name in the RN,<ref>Colledge, p. 375</ref> to perpetuate the name of the old [[protected cruiser]] ((HMS|Vindictive|1897|2)), which had distinguished herself in the [[Zeebrugge Raid]] of April 1918 and had then been sunk as a [[blockship]] at [[Second Ostend Raid|Ostend]] in May.<ref name=rr5>Raven & Roberts, p. 55</ref> She commissioned on 1 October and, after briefly [[Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)#W|working up]], joined the Grand Fleet's Flying Squadron on 18 October only a few weeks before the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Armistice]] on 11 November. For the rest of the year she conducted flying trials and exercises, including those of the [[Port Victoria Grain Griffin]] reconnaissance aircraft, of which two were lost in accidents. The only landing aboard the ship was made by [[Wavell Wakefield, 1st Baron Wakefield of Kendal|William Wakefield]] on 1 November in the fleet's last operational [[Sopwith Pup]].<ref>Layman, pp. 64–65</ref> Experiments conducted earlier aboard the larger ((HMS|Furious|47|2)), with a similarly intact superstructure and funnels, had demonstrated that the turbulence from these was enough to make successful landings almost impossible at high speed. Wakefield minimised the problem by approaching the landing deck at an angle with the ship slowly moving.<ref>Friedman 1988, p. 51; Hobbs, p. 40</ref>

''Vindictive'' was dispatched to the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] with a dozen aircraft, a mix of Griffins, [[Sopwith Camel|Sopwith 2F.1]] Ship Camel fighters, [[Sopwith 1½ Strutter]] and [[Short Type 184]] bombers, on 2 July 1919 to participate in the [[British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919)|British campaign in the Baltic]] in support of the [[White Movement|White Russians]] and the newly independent Baltic states.<ref>Layman, pp. 65–66</ref> On 6 July she [[Ship grounding|ran aground]] on a [[shoal]] near [[Reval]] at speed. Stuck hard in the [[tide]]less Baltic, all of her fuel was dumped overboard, and most of her ammunition as well. Some ((convert|2200|LT|t|0)) of stores were also off-loaded, but the ship could not be towed free by the combined efforts of the [[light cruiser]]s ((HMS|Danae|D44|2)) and ((HMS|Cleopatra|1915|2)) and three [[tugboats]]. Eight days after grounding a fortuitous westerly wind began that raised the water level by ((convert|8|in|0)), just enough to pull the ship free. Unbeknownst to the British the entire operation had taken place in a [[minefield]].<ref>Head, p. 224</ref> 
 
The carrier unloaded her air group, commanded by [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Grahame Donald]], at [[Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast|Koivisto]], Finland on 14 July. Their airfield was still under construction, but they were able to fly a reconnaissance mission over the major [[Bolshevik]] naval base at Kronstadt on 26 July while ''Vindictive'' sailed to [[Copenhagen]], Denmark, to load aircraft and spares left for her by the carrier ((HMS|Argus|I49|2)). Four days later, [[Rear Admiral]] [[Walter Cowan]] ordered Donald and his aircraft to attack Kronstadt at night. As their airfield was not yet finished, the ship's flying-off deck was extended to ((convert|118|ft|m|1)) to better allow the bombers to take off with their ((convert|112|lb|adj=on)) bombs. Accurate [[anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft fire]] kept the aircraft too high for an effective attack, but Donald's men claimed two hits on the [[submarine tender]] ''[[Pamiat Azova]]''. In reality one bomb struck the [[oil tanker]] ''Tatiana'', setting it on fire and killing one man. That same day eight RN [[Coastal Motor Boat]] (CMB)s arrived; ''Vindictive'' served as their [[depot ship]].<ref>Head, pp. 224, 227; Layman, p. 66</ref>

''Vindictive''(('))s aircraft continued to support British operations against the Bolsheviks until they left the Baltic in December, although no further missions were flown from the carrier. They shot down a [[helium]]-filled [[observation balloon]] and spotted for ships conducted [[Naval gunfire support|shore bombardments]]. Most importantly, nine of them attacked Kronstadt during the night of 17/18 August 1919 to provide a diversion for an attack by the CMBs on ships in Kronstadt harbour. As a result, the torpedo boats damaged the [[battleship]] ((ship|Russian battleship|Andrei Pervozvanny||2)) and sank ''Pamiat Azova''. In subsequent attacks on Kronstadt, they nearly hit ''Andrei Pervozvanny'' while she was in [[drydock]], nearly hit a [[minesweeper]], killing one crewman from the explosion, and hit two [[auxiliary ship]]s. By December it was clear that the Whites' offensive against [[Petrograd]] had failed and the British began withdrawing; ''Vindictive'' left three Camels in Latvia, embarked the rest of her aircraft and sailed for home on 22 December.<ref>Head, pp. 227, 231–233, 236; Layman, p. 66</ref>

She was paid off into reserve at [[Portsmouth Dockyard]] on 24 December<ref name=l6>Layman, p. 66</ref> and received permanent repairs of her damage from the grounding, at a cost of £200,000.<ref>Chesneau, p. 91</ref> ''Furious'' and ''Vindictive'' had proven that the idea of "cruiser-carriers" was unworkable due to the turbulence from their superstructures and that a complete flight deck was necessary to successfully operate aircraft at sea. The Admiralty had considered converting her to that configuration, with an [[Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)#I|island]], in July 1918 while still building, but had decided to wait on the results of tests conducted with ''Argus'' evaluating different designs for the island. ''Vindictive'' was thought to be too small to be an effective carrier and the financial restrictions in place after the war vitiated against such a major reconstruction.<ref>Friedman 1988, p. 51; Hobbs, p. 41</ref>

===As cruiser===
[[File:HMS Vindictive (15342979562).jpg|thumb|''Vindictive'' in China after re-conversion into a cruiser, 1926]]
For the next several years the ship was either in reserve or used as a [[Troopship|troop transport]], until she began reconversion into a cruiser at [[Chatham Dockyard]] on 1 March 1923. The [[flight deck]]s were removed and she was mostly restored to her designed configuration, although her 3-inch AA guns were replaced by three [[QF 4 inch Mk V naval gun|QF 4 inch Mk V]] AA guns. Two of these were mounted on a platform between the aft funnel and the mainmast and the third gun was positioned on the quarterdeck between the two 7.5-inch guns. The major exception was that No. 2 7.5-inch gun was not installed and she retained her hangar in the forward superstructure. The two derricks that serviced the hangar were replaced by a single [[crane (machine)|crane]] on the starboard side of the hangar roof. No. 2's position was occupied by a [[prototype]] compressed-air Carey [[aircraft catapult]], the first British cruiser to mount a catapult. ''Vindictive'' used it for the first time on 3 October when she launched a [[Fairey III]]D [[floatplane]]. She also conducted catapult trials on float-equipped [[Fairey Flycatcher]] fighters.<ref>Layman, p. 66; Raven & Roberts, pp. 55, 404</ref>

She sailed for the China Station on 1 January 1926 with six Fairey IIIDs aboard for anti-piracy patrols and departed for home on 14 March 1928. She arrived in May and her catapult was removed in October, ending her career as an aviation ship. ''Vindictive'' was again reduced to reserve in 1929, making occasional trooping voyages.<ref>Hobbs, p. 43, Layman, p. 66</ref> In July 1935 the ship was briefly sailed from her reserve mooring to join in the [[Fleet review (Commonwealth realms)|King George V's Silver Jubilee Fleet Review]] held on the 15th.<ref>((cite web| url = http://www.britainsnavy.co.uk/Ships/HMS%20Vindictive/HMS%20Vindictive%20(1925)%20CC%205.htm| title = HMS Vindictive (1925) CC 5))</ref>

===As training ship===
[[File:HMS Vindictive cruiser.jpg|thumb|left|''Vindictive'' in September 1937 as a training ship]]
In 1936–1937, ''Vindictive'' was demilitarised in accordance with the terms of the [[London Naval Treaty]] and converted to a training ship for cadets. Her two inboard propellers were removed as were the inboard turbines; half of her boilers were removed and their compartments were converted into accommodation. The aft funnel was removed, the aft superstructure remodelled and enlarged and her hangar converted into more accommodation space. Her armament, including the above-water torpedo tubes, was replaced by a pair of ((convert|4.7|in|mm|adj=on)) guns forward and a quadruple [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder ("pom-pom")]] AA mount aft. In this form she displaced ((convert|9100|LT|t|0)) and was capable of a maximum speed of ((convert|24|kn)).<ref>Friedman 2010, p. 67; Lenton, pp. 583–584; Raven & Roberts, p. 225</ref> She was recommissioned on 7 September 1937.<ref name=l6/>

===As fleet repair ship===
After the Second World War began in August 1939, ''Vindictive'' was transferred to [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport]] for a modernisation like that of her sister ((HMS|Effingham|D98|2)), with nine ((convert|6|in|adj=on|0)) guns, four twin-gun ((convert|4|in|mm|adj=on)) mounts and a catapult. She had a low priority so little work had been done by early October, when a less complex modernisation was considered. This proposal had six 6-inch guns and three 4-inch AA guns, and her former aft boiler room was to be converted from a laundry into an oil tank to extend her range, but this was rejected in favour of a conversion into a fleet repair ship. Her armament was removed and her forward superstructure was extended over the former hangar's roof. Her aft superstructure was extended to be flush with her sides and slightly lengthened, and a large deckhouse was built on the quarterdeck. Her armament now consisted of six single 4-inch QF Mk V AA guns, all on the centreline, two quadruple "pom-pom" mounts, one on each side, and six [[depth charge]]s. In this role, she had a standard displacement of ((convert|10000|LT|t|0)) (((convert|12000|LT|t|0)) at full load) and her draught increased to ((convert|20|ft|3|in|m|1)).<ref>Friedman 2010, pp. 67, 75; Lenton, p. 589</ref>
[[File:The Norwegian Campaign 1940- Naval Operations N248.jpg|thumb|''Vindictive'' nearly hit by bombs while at anchor in Harstad Fjord, 17 May 1940]]

The conversion was completed on 30 March 1940,<ref name=f5>Friedman 2010, p. 75</ref> just in time for the ship to be used with the Home Fleet as a troop transport during the Norwegian Campaign. She ferried British troops to [[Narvik]] in late April and escorted an [[Operation Alphabet|evacuation]] convoy from [[Harstad]] on 4 June.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 21, 25</ref> ''Vindictive'' was transferred to the South Atlantic later in the year and remained there until late 1942, when she was ordered north.<ref name=f5/> On the night of 12 November, she was attacked west of [[Gibraltar]] by the ((GS|U-515)), but managed to evade the torpedoes. ''U-515'' sank the accompanying [[destroyer tender]] ((HMS|Hecla|1940|2)) and blew the stern off one of the escorting [[destroyer]]s, ((HMS|Marne|G35|2)).<ref>Blair, p. 111</ref> She remained with the [[Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)|Mediterranean Fleet]] until 1944, when she was recalled to support the ships participating in [[Operation Overlord]].

During this time she received her first [[radar]]s. By August 1943 she mounted a [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 286|Type 286]] target indication set as well as a Type 285 anti-aircraft gunnery radar. By January 1944 she had received a [[Type 291 radar|Type 291]] air warning radar. Her light AA armament had also been augmented by six [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon 20 mm]] [[autocannon]], three on each side of the roof of the large workshop abaft the funnel.<ref>Friedman 2010, p. 67</ref> In 1944 ''Vindictive'' was converted into a destroyer depot ship and her AA armament was reinforced by the addition of six more Oerlikons. Later that year, the 4-inch guns were removed and eight additional Oerlikons were added. In early August 1944, the ship was damaged by a long-range, circling, "Dackel" torpedo dropped by the [[Luftwaffe]] off the coast of [[Normandy]].<ref>Rohwer, p. 338</ref> In 1945 she received an additional six Oerlikons.<ref>Lenton, p. 589</ref> She was paid off into reserve on 8 September 1945 and was sold for scrap on 24 January 1946. ''Vindictive'' was subsequently broken up at [[Blyth, Northumberland|Blyth]].<ref name=h3/>

==Notes==
((reflist|group=Note))

==Footnotes==
((Reflist|30em))

==References==
* ((cite book|last=Blair|first=Clay Jr. |author-link=Clay Blair|title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945|year=1999|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=0-297-84077-0))
* ((Cite Colledge2006))
* ((cite book|last=Chesneau|first=Roger|title=Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia|edition=New, Revised|year=1995|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-902-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/aircraftcarriers00ches))
* ((cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft|year=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-054-8))
* ((cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After|year=2010|publisher=Seaforth|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK|isbn=978-1-59114-078-8))
* ((cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=Naval Weapons of World War One|publisher=Seaforth|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84832-100-7)) 
* ((cite book|last=Haarr|first=Geirr H.|title=The Battle for Norway: April–June 1940|year=2010|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-051-1))
* ((cite journal|last=Head|first=Michael|year=2009|title=The Baltic Campaign, 1918–1920, Pt. II|journal=Warship International|publisher=International Naval Research Organization|volume=XLVI|issue=3|pages=217–239|issn=0043-0374))
* ((cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|title=British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development and Service Histories|year=2013|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-138-0))
* ((cite book|last=Layman|first=R. D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922|year=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9))
* ((cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7))
* ((cite book|editor1-last=Gray|editor1-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 |year=1985 |location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-85177-245-5 |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Great Britain and Empire Forces|first1=Antony|last1=Preston|author-link=Antony Preston|pages=1–104))
* ((cite book|last1=Raven|first1=Alan|last2=Roberts|first2=John|title=British Cruisers of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1980|isbn=0-87021-922-7 |name-list-style=amp))
* ((cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer))

==External links==
((Commons category|HMS Vindictive (ship, 1918)|HMS Vindictive))
* [http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk RAF museum]

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((Cavendish class cruiser))

((DEFAULTSORT:Vindictive (1918)))
[[Category:Hawkins-class cruisers]]
[[Category:Ships built in Belfast]]
[[Category:1918 ships]]
[[Category:Aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:World War II naval ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships built by Harland and Wolff]]

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