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((Short description|North Caucasian independence leader (1818–1852)))
((For|the novel by Leo Tolstoy |Hadji Murat (novel)))
((More citations needed|date=July 2011))
((Infobox person
|name             = Hadji Murad
|image            = Хаджи-Мурат.JPG
|caption          = Depiction by [[Eugene Lanceray]]
|birth_name       = 
|birth_date       = 1818
|birth_place      = [[Khunzakh]], [[Dagestan]], [[North Caucasus]]
|death_date       = ((Death date and age|df=yes|1852|5|5|1818))
|death_place      = [[Qakh District|Qakh]], [[Azerbaijan]]
|citizenship      = 
|occupation       = 
|known            = Resistance leader against the [[Russian Empire]]
|website          = 
))

'''Hadji Murad''' (((lang-ru|Хаджи-Мурат)), ((lang-av|XӀажи Мурад)); 1818 – April 23, [[New Style|N.S.]] May 5, 1852) was an important [[North Caucasus|North Caucasian]] [[Avars (Caucasus)|Avar]] leader during the resistance of the peoples of [[Dagestan]] and [[Chechnya]] in 1811–1864 against the [[Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan|incorporation of the region into the Russian Empire]].

==Life==
===Youth===
Hadji Murad was an [[Avars (Caucasus)|Avar]] commander who lived in the [[North Caucasus]]. He was foster-brother to [[Umma Khan V|Omar]], son of Pakkou-Bekkhe, the [[Khanum#Compound and derived princely titles|Khanum]] of [[Khunzakh]]. According to the legend relayed by [[Leo Tolstoy]], Murad's mother Patimat was originally to have been forced to give up her baby to become wet nurse for Omar. Her refusal nearly led to her murder but though stabbed in the breast she survived and indeed was finally able to wean her own son.

===Alliance with Russia===
Hadji Murad was involved in the murder of [[Gamzat-bek|Gamzat-Bek]] during a Friday prayer in 1834, in revenge for Gamzat's murdering of the Khanum of [[Khunzakh]] and her sons. Murad's brother, Osman, was slain in the fight with Gamzat-bek's [[Murid]]s.

Hadji Murad supported the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] in their [[Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan|imperial ambitions]] for a while, to counter what he saw as the threat of Muridism in the North Caucasus. His rival, Akhmet Khan, set about undermining Russian confidence in Murad, until they ordered his arrest, which was to be carried out by Akhmet Khan. Hadji Murad contrived to escape, by flinging himself over the ledge of a narrow mountain pass. The Russians gave him up for dead. The snow, however, had broken his fall and he lay in hiding for the winter. Because of the Russians' bad faith, he decided to throw his lot in with [[Imam Shamil]], who bestowed upon him the rank of [[naib]]. Many tribes followed Hadji Murad, defecting from the Russians.

===Exploits and service under Shamil===
His exploits and red dress earned him the nickname of 'the red devil' from the Russians. After an ineffectual raid on Russian headquarters at [[Buynaksk|Temirkhan-Shura]], a rumour spread that he had slaughtered all the Russians in the hospital and cut them up into [[shashlik]]s, which he left behind for the Russian troops to eat unawares. Though false, this rumour gained much credence among the Russians and vilified Hadji Murad's reputation.

===Defection to Russia===
In 1851, a feud broke out between him and Imam Shamil, when Shamil proclaimed his son, Khazi Mohammed, as his successor. In a secret meeting, Shamil and his naibs decided that Hadji Murad should be killed. An unknown naib warned him and he managed to escape in time, but his family were held captive. Hadji Murad surrendered to the Russians, who lionised but mistrusted him. He repeatedly asked to be given men and guns to attack Shamil and rescue his family, but received no firm reply. He was allowed to move from [[Tbilisi]] to the small [[Muslims|Muslim]] town of [[Shaki, Azerbaijan|Noukkha]] (now Shaki, [[Azerbaijan]]) accompanied by a [[Cossacks|Cossack]] escort. Hadji Murad planned an escape, which he carried out on April 24 ([[Old style calendar]]), 1852, during one of his morning rides. The Cossack guards were ambushed and killed but the town's garrison, led by Colonel Karganov, tracked Hadji Murad down. The Russians were joined by many tribesmen, including Akhmet Khan's son, and Hadji Murad was killed in the ensuing fight. The young son of Akhmet Khan cut off the head and sent it to Tbilisi, where it was embalmed and then sent to the [[Nicholas I of Russia|Emperor]]. Tolstoy places Murad's death near Belarjik<ref>''Off the road to the right were the houses and minaret of the village of Belardzhik'' Tolstoy's Hadji Murat, chapter 25</ref> (probably referring to the latterday town of [[Birinci Biləcik]] on the [[Shaki, Azerbaijan|Shaki]] to [[Qakh (city)|Qakh]] road), but a commemorative grave marker is farther south near km76 on the [[Shaki, Azerbaijan|Shaki]]-[[Zaqatala (city)|Zaqatala]] road.<ref>((cite book |author=Elliott, Mark |author-link=Mark Elliott (British author) |title="Azerbaijan with excursions to Georgia"|year=2010|page=229|edition=4th))</ref>

Hadji Murad's severed head was finally sent to be kept at the [[Kunstkamera]] in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. In 2017, his descendants and activists in [[Dagestan]] petitioned to retrieve his skull from St. Petersburg and reunite it with the rest of his remains believed to be buried in modern [[Azerbaijan]]'s [[Qakh District]]. The Russian government set up an interagency commission to consider the request.<ref>((cite news|last1=Lomsadze|first1=Giorgi|title=To Bury, or Not to Bury? Russia Undecided about Legendary Hadji Murad's Skull|url=https://eurasianet.org/to-bury-or-not-to-bury-russia-undecided-about-legendary-hadji-murads-skull|accessdate=7 March 2018|work=Eurasianet|date=31 January 2018|language=en))</ref>

===In fiction===
[[File:Hadji Murad.jpg|thumb|Hadji Murad]]
[[Leo Tolstoy]]'s posthumously published novella ''[[Hadji Murat (novel)|Hadji Murad]]'' (1912)<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt1rfsrst.24.pdf?ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187_SYC-5188%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A602256921c814734fbafa711533c6dec Tolstoy biography]</ref> is a partially fictionalized<ref>[http://www.librarything.com/work/10119044 claims that Tolstoy was ''witness to many of the events leading to Hadji Murad’s death, set down this story with painstaking accuracy'']</ref> account of Murad's struggle with the Russian Empire. His image also appears in ''[[My Dagestan]]'', a novel of the [[Avars (Caucasus)|Avar]] writer [[Rasul Gamzatov]].

''Agi Murad il diavolo bianco'' (1959) – in English, ''[[The White Warrior]]'' – is an Italian movie account of Murad's struggle with the Russian Empire. Murad is played by former 'Mr Universe',<ref>[https://www.wrmea.org/000-march/the-sabres-of-paradise.html WRMEA, ''The Sabres of Paradise'' reviewed by Mowahid H. Shah]</ref> bodybuilder [[Steve Reeves]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052538/ IMDB]</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* Lesley Blanch "The Sabres of Paradise".

== External links ==
* [[Kaziev Shapi|Kaziev, Shapi]]. [http://www.kaziev.ru/index/imam_shamil/0-44 Imam Shamil. "Molodaya Gvardiya" publishers. Moscow, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2010]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Murad, Hadji))
[[Category:1852 deaths]]
[[Category:Avar people]]
[[Category:Resistance to the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:People of the Caucasian War]]
[[Category:1790s births]]
[[Category:People from Khunzakhsky District]]
[[Category:North Caucasian independence activists]]
[[Category:Naibs of Imam Shamil]]

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