You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.197.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 10:52, 20 August 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 November 2024
Your current IP address is 44.197.119.13. The blocked range is 44.197.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Thai politician (1893–1954?)))
((Multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=November 2015))
((POV|date=March 2016))
((peacock|date=March 2016))
))
((Infobox person
| name = Haji Sulong
| image = Haji Sulong.png
| caption = 
| native_name        = หะยีสุหลง
| native_name_lang   = th
| birth_name = Haji Sulong Abdulkadir al-Fatani
| birth_date = ((birth-date|1895))
| birth_place = [[Pattani, Thailand|Kampong Anoru]], [[Pattani Kingdom]]
| death_date =
| disappeared_date   = ((disappeared date and age|df=yes|1954|8|13|1895))
| disappeared_place  = [[Songkhla]] Police Station, Thailand
| disappeared_status = ((missing for|1954|8|13))
| alma_mater = 
| occupation = 
((flatlist|
* [[Imam]]
* educator
* activist
*politician
))
| known_for = 
| party = 
| children = 
| relatives = 
| nickname = 
| awards = 
))

'''Haji Sulong Abdulkadir al-Fatani''' (((lang-th|หะยีสุหลง อับดุลกาเดร์)), ((RTGS|''Hayi Sulong Apdunkade''))), also known as '''Haji Sulong Tomina''' or '''Hajji Sulong''', was a reformist and a separatist who disappeared in 1954. He sought greater recognition of the ''[[Thai Malays|Jawi]]'' community in [[Pattani Province|Patani]]. His motives for doing so were in response to General [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]]'s concept of '[[Thainess]]' in which every citizen has to subscribe to the ideology that it is the duty of a Thai to be [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], speak Thai and love the [[Monarchy of Thailand|monarchy]].<ref>((Cite journal|jstor=10.1525/as.2011.51.6.1019|title = The Necessity of Enemies in Thailand's Troubled Politics|last = Chachavalpongpun|first = Pavin|date = 2011|journal = Asian Survey |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=1019–1041|doi = 10.1525/as.2011.51.6.1019))</ref> This nationalist ideology was prejudiced against other ethnic groups in Thailand like the ''Jawi'' community and deemed the ''Tai'' ethnic groups more superior than others. Haji Sulong's request for reforms in education and public administration in southern Thailand was deemed disruptive and viewed as an act of rebellion by the central Buddhist state based in [[Bangkok]]. Tensions between the central Buddhist state and the Muslim insurgents remain in the present and Haji Sulong's demands still stand firm and synonymous with the various insurgent groups in southern Thailand.

==Early life==
===Formative years===
Haji Sulong Abdulkadir al-Fatani((sfn|Ockey|2011)) was born in 1895 to a family of [[Imam|religious leaders]]. He attended Pondok Hajji Abdul Rashid in Kampung Sungei Pandang, [[Pattani Province|Patani]].<ref name=Funston>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNi8ltAO_I4C&pg=PA138|title=Divided Over Thaksin|first=John|last=Funston|page=138|year=2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789812309617))</ref> At 12, Haji Sulong made the ''[[hajj]]'', which was considered a luxury for most at that time. He diligently pursued his religious education, first through informal means at the grand mosque, then through secondary education which qualified him to attain formal education at a university in [[Egypt]].((sfn|Ockey|2011)) While in [[Mecca]], he had already met with many esteemed Arab religious scholars who were followers of [[Muhammad Abduh]].<ref name=Funston/>

Haji Sulong was there at a time Islam, too, was undergoing a reform. With the declining power of the Ottomans, Islam needed a regime change and that came with the presence of the [[Young Turks]]. Islam had to be more progressive, assimilating and associating with secularism. Two movements broke out of this regime change. The ''Wahhabiyah’s''  of the ''Saud'' regime pushed for the purity of Islam to be preserved by returning to the practices during the times of the prophet while the Shafi’ite schools helmed by [[Al-Azhar University]] in Egypt pushed for more modernist ideals where learning Islam should be seamless with learning secular subjects like science and mathematics. The modernist movement had a profound effect to Haji Sulong and one in which he subscribed to.<ref name=":1">((Cite book|title = Ghost of the Past in Southern Thailand|last = Jory|first = Patrick|publisher = NUS Press|year = 2013|location = Singapore))</ref>

===Return to Patani===
Upon the death of his wife and son, Haji Sulong was at a crossroad of either continuing life in Mecca or move back to Patani. Haji Sulong had become jaded of his life in Mecca and sought to return to Patani for a short holiday. He had maintained constant contact with his family back in Patani throughout his stay in Mecca. When he decided to move back, his stay was meant to be temporary. He was highly regarded as a scholar in Mecca and had little incentive to uproot himself from the community, but when he came back to Patani, he saw a different Islam, riddled with animistic beliefs and practices.((sfn|Ockey|2011))<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">((Cite book|title = Rebellion in Southern Thailand: Contending Histories|last = Aphornsuvan|first = Thanet|publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year = 2007))</ref> He had a desire to change that by first changing its methods of education. Dissatisfied by the standards of the ''pondok'' schools, he began teaching privately by moving around various mosques in the area; similar to his experience of informal education while in Mecca. His initiatives did not please the older generation of religious teachers as they felt he was pushing for the fundamentalistic approach of the ''Wahabbiyahs'' but he felt that it was important for him to continue his efforts in order to push for integration with the secular education. Hence, he decided to uproot from Mecca permanently; away from familiarity and security he had built over the years.

==Career==
===Beginning of activism===
[[File:Haji Sulong and Pridi Banomyong 1945.jpg|thumb|Haji Sulong and [[Pridi Banomyong]] in front of the school that Haji Sulong built from a donation from the people in 1945]]
One of the key reforms that Haji Sulong pushed for, was the formalization of religious education. Previously, religious education were taught at the ''pondok'' schools. These ''pondok'' schools had no established curriculum and the lessons there were taught only by the religious teacher that set it up within the various communities. Spurred by the changes that happened in Egypt, he sought to integrate religious education with the secularized subjects like science, mathematics, moral education, etc. The ''madrasah'' system received flak from the older generation of religious leaders as it veered away from the ''halaqah'' styled system of the past; which was adapted from the informal training the older generation received at masjid al-Haram. The central government was opposed to the ''madrasah'' system of education as it hinders the integration of the ''Jawi'' community with the majority Thai. The central government wanted the student to admit to the public schools which taught Thai and Buddhism alongside secular subject.((sfn|Ockey|2011))<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The central government preferred the ''pondok'' schools as the informal school where students can attain their religious education. However, Ockey contradicts this notion as he mentioned that when Haji Sulong opened his ''madrasah'', he invited Prime Minister [[Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena|Phahon]] after travelling to Bangkok to request for funds and that the central government would later on provide the necessary support Haji Sulong needed to open his school. Even though the central government did not fully subscribe to the alternative education at the ''madrasah'', they were not overtly in direct opposition to the idea. Haji Sulong gained some grounds in pushing for a formalized religious education in the form of the ''madrasah'' system.

Through the ''[[Madrasa]]'' system, Haji Sulong was able to expand his influence amongst the ''Jawi'' community in Patani. The obstacles he faced while forming the ''madrasah'' too, were the key reasons that pushed Haji Sulong towards politics. He was dissatisfied with General [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] policies of forced assimilation. He wanted some autonomy to be given to the region where Malay would be considered as an official language together with Thai and Islam be taught instead of Buddhist studies.<ref name=":3">((Cite journal|title = Islam, radicalism, and violence in Southern Thailand: Berjihad di Patani and the 28 April 2004 attacks.|last = Wattana|first = Sugunasil|date = 2006|journal = Critical Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=119–144|doi = 10.1080/14672710600556494|s2cid = 143811450))</ref>  This opposition to the Thai identity was viewed as a form of passive resistance which later became grounds for active rebellion. Haji Sulong became increasingly involved in Thai politics as he felt the need to preserve the identity of the ''Jawi'' community amidst the central government push for a Thai identity via forced assimilation. This contradicts Thanet's view of Haji Sulong being an obstinate opposition leader. Both Liow and Ockey have positioned Haji Sulong as a matured leader who understood his intentions well. They highlighted that Haji Sulong turned separatist when negotiations with the central government broke down.

Haji Sulong's activism was met with some success. In the wake of the [[WWII|second World War]], the uncertain policies of the British forced the Thai government to reconsider the policy of accommodation and integration of 1932. Prime Minister [[Pridi Banomyong]] even considered granting autonomy for South Thailand. One of the policies that was approved was the Patronage of Islam Act, which recognised the role and authority of the religious leaders in South Thailand. Things appeared to have improved. Subsequently, Haji Sulong was elected as the President of the Islamic committee in the [[Provincial Islamic Council of Patani]] (PICP) and his friend, Jaroen, became the mayor of [[Pattani, Thailand|Patani]].

===Move to politics===
Troubled with the central government's involvement in his education reforms, which also led to the shutting down of his school, Haji Sulong started entering into politics. He first, managed to get alliances from the religious leaders to form a ''Shari’a'' court informally. As one of the most influential person in Patani, many politicians sought his support in order to get a strong mandate from the ''Jawi'' community. However, he showed flexibility and maturity by supporting his friend Jaroen, a Buddhist, instead of Phra Phiphit Pakdi, a Muslim. His loyalty towards his friend together with his belief for integration was more important than his ethnicity as a ''Jawi'' Muslim. However, his choice candidate was not elected due to Phra Phiphit Pakdi's cryptic use of a Quranic verse to gain support from the locals while at the same time discredited Haji Sulong. Haji Sulong's first involvement into politics was not a success but improved as time progressed.<ref name=":2" />

====Seven-point declaration====
As the leader of the Provincial Islamic Council of Patani (PICP), Haji Sulong formulated a seven-point declaration which he felt was important in attaining some autonomy for the public administration in southern Thailand.

The seven point declaration is stated below:

1. That the four southern provinces be governed as a unit, with a Muslim governor.

2. That for the first seven years of the school curriculum, Malay be allowed as the language of instruction.

3. That all taxes collected in the four southern provinces be expended there.

4. That 85 percent of the government officials be local Malays.

5. That Malay and Thai be used together as the languages of government.

6. That the provincial Islamic committees have authority over the practice of Islam.

7. That the Islamic judicial system be separated from the provincial court system.

Haji Sulong's objectives were clear. Southern Thailand had to be governed by southern Thais and members of the ''Jawi'' community. He felt that by doing so, public administration would improve as residents of the region would understand the needs better.((sfn|Ockey|2011))

===Conflict with the government and ''Jawi'' community===
The central government rejected Haji Sulong's demands in the seven-point declaration as they felt that the existing system was sufficient to rule the region of southern Thailand. His demands also meant that some power over southern Thailand would have to be decentralized to make way for the politicians in the region. The ''[[Thai Malays|Jawi]]'' community, too, did not fully subscribe to Haji Sulong's ideology. They felt that Haji Sulong's demands would disturb the status quo in the region and would further outcast them from the central system of governance. As such, Haji Sulong did not receive a strong mandate for his demands.<ref name=":1" />

As a result of the failures of the seven-point declaration, Haji Sulong became more agitated as his reforms draws to a standstill. He became uncompromising and urged the residents in southern Thailand to push for a no-contest in the 1948 elections. He turned towards the separatist movement led by Tengku Muhyiddin and pushed for the independence of southern Thailand. This was seen as an act of rebellion and Haji Sulong subsequently became public enemy in Thailand.

==Disappearance and legacy==
Haji Sulong was subsequently arrested for his involvement in stirring up the ''Jawi'' community and the actions to push for a no-contest in the region during the 1948 elections. Over the following years, he was pressured to stop his political involvement and told to report to the authorities periodically in order to ensure his obedience. His situation was seen as an insult to the ''Jawi'' community and they felt that the central government was insensitive and abusing their authority in the region. In his ''madrasah'', the separatist ideology had managed to infiltrate in the minds of the students and the cause for independence began to grow stronger. It is not known if Haji Sulong still had a large involvement for the growing sentiments.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

On 13 August 1954, Haji Sulong and his eldest son was told to report to the [[Songkhla]] Police Station along with his close associates. He was then to be transferred and face a trial in court for his involvement in the rebellion. He mysteriously disappeared on his way to the court and till this day, no one had taken responsibility of his disappearance.<ref name=":2" /> Over the years till the present day, stories of Haji Sulong and his push for reforms and later on independence, is something that cannot be publicly discussed and the central government is careful in navigating Haji Sulong's contributions to the history of the Muslim insurgency in southern Thailand. They fear that the stories of Haji Sulong's disappearance would rile up sentiments and increase the opposition to the central government's presence in [[southern Thailand]].<ref>((Cite web|title = Thai authorities never learn lesson on Thailand's restive Deep South: experts ((!)) Prachatai English|url = http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/5393|website = www.prachatai.com|access-date = 2015-11-20))</ref> Today, Haji Sulong has achieved almost a mythical-like status for his reforms and his demands for autonomy or independence still remain relevant.

==See also==
*[[List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990|List of people who disappeared]]

==References==
((Reflist))

===Bibliography===
*((cite journal |last1=Ockey |first1=James |title=Individual imaginings: The religio-nationalist pilgrimages of Haji Sulong Abdulkadir al-Fatani |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=February 2011 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=89–119 |doi=10.1017/S002246341000055X |s2cid=145307965 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/individual-imaginings-the-religionationalist-pilgrimages-of-haji-sulong-abdulkadir-alfatani1/EB9B92F6867C149F64CC26D7424552B3 |issn=1474-0680))

((Thai sort key not needed))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Haji Sulong))
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1950s missing person cases]]
[[Category:Enforced disappearances in Thailand]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Thailand]]
[[Category:Patani]]
[[Category:People from Pattani province]]
[[Category:Thai activists]]
[[Category:Thai human rights activists]]
[[Category:Thai Muslims]]
[[Category:Thai revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Unsolved crimes in Thailand]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Haji Sulong (edit)
Template:Age in years (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Age in years, months and days (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Birth-date (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Birth date text (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Br separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Count (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Date-mf (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Disappeared date and age (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flatlist (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox person (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-th (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNUMBER (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Missing for (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:POV (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Peacock (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Pluralize from text (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:RTGS (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sfn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Thai sort key not needed (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Transl (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Transliteration (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Unbulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wikidata image (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Age (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/auxiliary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for clobbered parameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Haji Sulong.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Sulong"