.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (February 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 5,252 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Halcones (grupo paramilitar)]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template ((Translated|es|Halcones (grupo paramilitar))) to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

The Halcones (Falcons) were a Mexican paramilitary group created at the end of the 1960s and led by Colonel Manuel Díaz Escobar, then deputy director of General Services of the Federal District Department. The group was responsible for the Corpus Christi Massacre—also known as Halconazo—on 10 June 1971, in which nearly 120 people were killed during a student demonstration in Mexico City.[1]

Background

The Halcones was organized in September 1968 by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), the then dominant Mexican political party.[2][3] It was considered a semi-official group, directly operating under government authority.[3] It was composed of youths, who formed combat squads trained for the violent suppression of student protesters.[2] They were trained in martial arts at the government's Escuela de Policia (Police Academy).[4] Around 1,500 cadets received this training and received stipends.

The inception of Halcones was part of the overall aim of PRI to counter and repress socialism and communism.[2]

Halconazo

Main article: El Halconazo

On 10 June 1971, youth movements were in full swing as a reaction to a conflict in the University of Nuevo León.[5] Ten thousand students marched in Mexico City. The Halcones, which allegedly operated under the direction of Federal District officials, attacked the students with bamboo sticks, chains, and clubs, later attacking the students with M1 rifles, chasing them down through neighbouring houses, the Teachers' School (Normal de Maestros), nearby churches and even the Rubén Leñero Hospital, resulting to the injury and the death of at least 35.[5] A similar operation transpired on 4 November 1970, when members of the Halcones attacked students celebrating the victory of the Chilean socialist President Salvador Allende.[3] Echeverría denied that Halcones was sanctioned by the government, maintaining that it was a natural outgrowth of the opposition to the left.[3] However, the considerable number of journalists and photographers attacked on June 10 by the Halcones forced Echeverría to admit their existence; as a result, the regent of Mexico City, Alfonso Martínez Domínguez, resigned.

See also

References

  1. ^ Castillo García, Gustavo (9 June 2008). "El halconazo, historia de represión, cinismo y mentiras se mantiene impune". La Jornada. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  2. ^ a b c Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2020). Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-255898-5.
  3. ^ a b c d Green, W. John (2015). A History of Political Murder in Latin America: Killing the Messengers of Change. New York: SUNY Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4384-5665-2.
  4. ^ Carey, Elaine (2005). Plaza of Sacrifices: Gender, Power, and Terror in 1968 Mexico. Albuquerque: UNM Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-8263-3544-6.((cite book)): CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. ^ a b Atilano, Tania Ixchel (2021). International Criminal Law in Mexico: National Legislation, State Practice and Effective Implementation. Berlin: Springer Nature. p. 157. ISBN 978-94-6265-454-9.


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