A section of the Iron Age Hallstatt salt workings."Antenna hilt" Hallstatt 'D' swords, from Hallstatt.
During the Bronze Age salt production became day-to-day commercial activity in Hallstatt. Salt was produced in large quantities in evidently highly organized arrangements. Specialist workers supported the salt mining operations.[3] The wealth that was generated is on display in the prehistoric cemeteries in Hallstatt.[4]
In 1846 Johann Georg Ramsauer discovered a large prehistoric cemetery at the Salzberg mines near Hallstatt (47°33′40″N13°38′31″E / 47.561°N 13.642°E / 47.561; 13.642), which he excavated during the second half of the 19th century. Eventually the excavation would yield 1,045 burials, although no settlement has yet been found. This may be covered by the later village, which has long occupied the entire narrow strip between the steep hillsides and the lake.
Some 1,300 burials have been found, including around 2,000 individuals, with women and children but few infants.[5]: 26
The humans that settled Hallstatt exploited the salt mines in the area from the 8th to 5th centuries BC. The style and decoration of the grave goods found in the cemetery are distinctive. In the mine workings themselves, the salt has preserved many organic materials such as textiles, wood, and leather, and many abandoned artefacts such as shoes, pieces of cloth, and tools and miner's backpacks have survived in good condition.[6]: 88
Hallstatt A–B are part of the Bronze AgeUrnfield culture. Phase A saw Villanovan influence. In this period, people were cremated and buried in simple graves. In phase B, tumulus (barrow or kurgan) burial becomes common, and cremation predominates. Little is known about this period in which the typical Celtic elements have not yet distinguished themselves from the earlier Villanova-culture. The "Hallstatt period" proper is restricted to HaC and HaD (8th to 5th centuries BC), corresponding to the early European Iron Age. Hallstatt lies in the area where the western and eastern zones of the Hallstatt culture meet, which is reflected in the finds from there.[7]
Hallstatt C is characterized by the first appearance of iron swords. Hallstatt D displays daggers, almost to the exclusion of swords, in the western zone graves ranging from circa 600 to 500 BC.[5]: 40 There are also differences in the pottery and brooches. Halstatt D has been further divided into the sub-phases D1 to D3 relating only to the western zone.[5]: 40
Major activity at the site appears to have finished about 500 BC, for reasons that are unclear. Many Hallstatt graves were robbed, probably at this time. There was widespread disruption throughout the western Hallstatt zone, and the salt workings had by then become very deep.[5]: 48–49
Much of the material from early excavations was dispersed,[5]: 26
Tourists are told that Hallstatt is the site of "the world's oldest pipeline",[8] which was constructed 400 years ago from 13,000 hollowed-out trees.[9] There is so little space for cemeteries that every ten years bones used to be exhumed and removed into an ossuary, to make room for new burials.[9] A collection of elaborately decorated skulls with the deceased's name, profession, and date of death inscribed on them is on display at the local chapel.[10]
19th century
A view of Hallstatt in 1899Hallstatt viewed from the south, Hallstatt Museum
Until the late 19th century, it was only possible to reach Hallstatt by boat or via narrow trails. The land between the lake and mountains was sparse, and the town itself exhausted every free patch of it. Access between houses on the river bank was by boat or over the upper path, a small corridor passing through attics. The first road to Hallstatt was only built in 1890, along the west shore, partially by rock blasting. Nevertheless, this secluded and inhospitable landscape counts as one of the first places of human settlement due to the rich sources of natural salt, which have been mined for thousands of years, originally in the shape of hearts owing to the use of antler picks.[9]
Halstatt salt mine
The Hallstatt salt mine is the world's oldest working salt mine. The mine is located within the Upper Permian to Lower TriassicHaselgebirgeFormation of the Northern Limestone Alps. The Hallstatt salt mine comprises 21 levels and several smaller shafts ranging from 514 metres (1,686 ft) above sea level (Erbstollen level) to an elevation of around 1,267 m (4,157 ft) (Erzherzog Matthias Schurf level).[11][12]
Tourism
Hallstatt in Winter
The problems and opportunities of greatly-increased tourism in Hallstatt were covered by The Washington Post in August 2019.[13] Halstatt's tourism began in the 19th century but greatly increased after it was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.[14] It became popular among East Asian tourists in 2006 when it was featured on a South Korean television show.[15]
Social media images of Hallstatt, captioned "the most Instagrammable town in the world," went viral in Eastern and Southeast Asia.[15] A replica was planned and then built in China in 2011 in Huizhou, Guangdong province, Hallstatt's twin town.[14] In 2013, it was rumored in China to be the model for the movie Frozen's Arendelle village.[14] By 2017, local churches were employing bouncers to prevent services being disrupted by tourists.[14] In 2020, the town had a population of 780, and estimates of 10,000 to nearly 30,000 tourists per day,[15][16] primarily via bus tours which bring tourists briefly into the town for photo opportunities, then quickly move on.[16]
Hallstatt's economy depends on tourism,[14][16] but according to locals the day-visitors drive away tourists who would stay longer.[16] Hallstatt became the prime example of overtourism in Austria and led to controversies around limiting the number of tourists.[17] The Austrian Public Broadcasting Organization made multiple documentaries about the situation.[18][19]
In 2020, the town focused on "quality" tourism.[14][20][21] From autumn 2020 there are assigned time slots for tour buses to cope with the problem.[22][14] The arrivals will be limited to 54 per day, which is about half of the current number.[23] Buses with an overnight booking in the town will receive preference.[14]
In August 2023, it was reported that locals had protested against overtourism, with the town of just 700 residents being visited by up to 10,000 visitors per day during the high season.[24]
Politics
Seats in the municipal assembly (Gemeinderat) as of 2015 local elections:
On 16 June 2011, plans to build a replica in China were first reported.[26] On 2 June 2012, it was reported that Chinese mining company China Minmetals Corporation built a full-scale replica of the entire town in Huizhou, Guangdong province.[27]
Climate
Hallstatt, like much of Austria (see Climate of Austria), has a humid continental climate (Dfb) (Cfb if the −3.0 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm is used) with warm, rainy summers and chilly to cold, snowy winters. Precipitation is plentiful year-round, hence the f in Dfb, but is at its highest during the three months of summer: Jun-Aug.
Spring is a short (March and April) transition season between cold winters and mild summers. By mid-November, fall has turned to winter and the nighttime low temperature is ~freezing, giving a growing season of April to early November.
^Anthony Harding (2013). Salt in Prehistoric Europe. Sidestone Press. p. 88. ISBN9789088902017.
^Paul Freedman, ed. (2007). Food: The History of Taste. University of California Press. p. 57. ISBN9780520254763.
^ abcdeMegaw, M. Ruth. (2001). Celtic art: from its beginnings to the Book of Kells. Megaw, J. V. S. (Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN0-500-28265-X. OCLC47790275.
^Kern, Anton; Kowarik, Kerstin; Rausch, Andreas; Reschreiter, Hans, eds. (2009). Kingdom of Salt: 7000 years of Hallstatt. Vienna: Natural History Museum. pp. 12–33. ISBN9783903096080.
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