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((Short description|Hot spring in Israel))
[[File:Hot springs in Hamat Gader.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Hamat Gader during the day]]
[[File:HamatGader 0005a.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Young [[Nile Crocodile]]s at Hamat Gader's [[Crocodilia]]ns Farm]]
((refimprove|date=July 2022))

'''Hamat Gader''' (((lang-he|חַמַּת גָּדֵר)); ((lang-arc|חמתא דגדר)), ((transl|arc|hammata degader)); ((lang-grc|Ἑμμαθά)), ((transl|grc|Emmatha)) or ((lang|grc|῎Αμαθα)), ((transl|grc|Amatha));<ref>((cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/678131 |title=Places: 678131 (Emmatha) |author=Brown, J., E. Meyers, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies |date=30 January 2019 |access-date=August 8, 2014 <!-- 11:05 am -->  |publisher=Pleiades))</ref> ((lang-ar|الحمة السورية)) ''((transl|ar|[[Al-Hamma, Tiberias|al-Hamma]]))'') is a [[hot spring]]s site in the [[Yarmuk (river)|Yarmuk River]] valley, located in an area under [[Israel|Israeli]] control, near the [[Golan Heights]] and the border with [[Jordan]].

Hamat Gader, known for its health benefits and recreation since [[classical antiquity]], was mentioned in several historical texts. Built by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in the 2nd century, the site featured a bath complex and a [[Roman theatre (structure)|theater]]. An [[Ancient synagogues in Israel|ancient synagogue]], complete with [[Mosaic|mosaics]] and inscriptions, also stood within its walls. Despite earthquakes damaging the site in the 7th and 8th centuries, it continued to attract visitors until abandonment in the 9th century, eventually becoming buried beneath [[silt]].<ref name=":1" />

It is set on several [[mineral spring]]s with temperatures up to 50&nbsp;°C.((cn|date=July 2022))

== Geography ==
The site is located in what was a demilitarized zone between [[Israel]] and [[Syria]] from 1949 to 1967.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/26/world/israel-to-build-dam-on-disputed-land-claimed-by-syria.html Israel to build dam on disputed land claimed by Syria] New York Times, 26 August 1997</ref> The site is next to the [[Jordan]]ian border, and about ((convert|10|km|mi)) from the [[tripoint]] of Israel, Jordan and Syria.

==Etymology==
The ancient Hebrew name, '''Hammat Gader''' or '''Hammath Gader''', means ''hot springs of Gader'',<ref name="Negev">((cite book |editor-last= Negev |editor-first= Avraham |editor-link= Avraham Negev |editor-last2= Gibson |editor-first2= Shimon |editor-link2= Shimon Gibson |title= Hamath Gader |pages= 2015–2016 |work= Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |year= 2001 |location= New York and London |publisher= Continuum |isbn=0-8264-1316-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JtAAAAMAAJ&q=Gader |access-date=27 January 2022)) (Snippet view).</ref> also translated as '''Hammath-by-Gadara'''.<ref name="May">((cite journal |last= May |first= Herbert Gordon |title= Synagogues in Palestine |pages= 1-20 [see p. 15] |journal=[[The Biblical Archaeologist]] |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] for the [[American Schools of Oriental Research]] (BASOR) |volume= 7 |number= 1 |date= February 1944 |doi= 10.2307/3209112 |jstor= 3209112 |s2cid= 194966510 |url= https://booksc.eu/book/28422855/01cb85 |access-date= 26 January 2022))</ref> The ruins of the ancient city of [[Gadara]] stand south of Hammat Gader,<ref name="Negev" /> on the plateau edge above the springs, in modern [[Umm Qais]].((citation needed|date=May 2015))

The Arabic name '''Al-Hammeh''' or '''El-Hamma''' dates back to the medieval period<ref name="Negev" /> and also relates to "hot springs". The name of the [[Tell (archaeology)|tell]] located near the site, [[Tell Bani]],<ref name="May" /><ref>((cite book |last= Levin |first= Gabriel |author-link= Gabriel Levin |title= The Dune's Twisted Edge: Journeys in the Levant |page= 182 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year= 2013 |isbn= 978-0226923673 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gHSAlzacNyAC&pg=PA182 |access-date= 26 January 2022)) Levin is quoting [[Eliezer Sukenik]].</ref> is a [[Corruption (linguistics)|corruption]] of the [[Latin language|Latin]] word meaning "baths".((citation needed|date=May 2015))

==History==
===Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad periods===
Hamat Gader was already a widely known health and recreation site in [[Roman Empire|Roman times]].<ref>((cite journal|last1=Hirschfeld|first1=Yizhar|title=The History and Town-Plan of Ancient Ḥammat Gādẹ̄r|journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins|date=1987|volume=103|pages=101–116|jstor=27931308))</ref> It is mentioned in [[Strabo]],<ref>''Geog''. XVI, 45.</ref> [[Origen]]<ref>Commentary on St. John, VI, 41, 210</ref> and [[Eunapius]],<ref name="EANE">''Vit. Soph.'' 368-370. ((cite encyclopedia |first= Zvi Uri |last= Ma'oz |encyclopedia= The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East |contribution= Hammath-Gader |date= 1997 |isbn= 0195112156 |page= 468))</ref> as well as the [[Rabbinic literature]] of the first centuries CE.((Vague|date=April 2016))((cn|date=July 2022))

Construction of the bath complex began in the 2nd century by the [[Legio X Fretensis|10th Roman Legion]], which was garrisoned in the city of [[Umm Qais|Gadara]]. Two distinct construction periods are evident at the site: The Roman-Byzantine Period, during which most of the bath complex was built, and the Muslim period, during which major changes were made to the existing structures.<ref>[http://www.hamat-gader.com/hamatInfo.php?subjId=history&linkOrder=9&subLink=18 Hamat Gader Information Site] ((webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20060212230721/http://www.hamat-gader.com/hamatInfo.php?subjId=history&linkOrder=9&subLink=18 |date=2006-02-12 ))</ref>

The site includes a [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman theatre]], which  was built in the 3rd century CE and contained 2,000 seats.[[File:Hammat Gader.JPG|thumb|right|250px|A section of the mosaic pavement recovered from the ancient Hamat Gader synagogue, now installed in the entrance hall of the  [[Supreme Court of Israel]].]]A large [[synagogue]] was built in the 5th century CE.<ref name=":0" /> The synagogue complex is enclosed by a 32.5-meter-long wall and oriented southwards towards [[Jerusalem]]. The main prayer hall, nearly square at 13 meters per side, boasted two rows of columns, an apse, and a bema set into the southern wall. Adorned with a mosaic floor, the hall retained four well-preserved [[Jewish Palestinian Aramaic|Aramaic]] inscriptions, while damaged sections bore inscriptions detailing donations from various locales.<ref name=":1">((Citation |title=CXXXIV. Hammatha (Emmatha, Ḥammat Gader, el-Ḥamme) nos. 7371-7497 |date=2023-03-20 |work=Volume 5/Part 2 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 6925-7818 |pages=1465–1609 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110715743-020/html |access-date=2024-02-23 |publisher=De Gruyter |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110715743-020 |isbn=978-3-11-071574-3))</ref> [[Eleazar Sukenik|Sukenik]]'s 1932 excavation uncovered the main structure along with the Aramaic mosaic inscriptions and a [[Greek language|Greek]] inscription from the chancel screen.<ref name=":0">[[Eleazar Sukenik]], "The ancient synagogue at Hamat Gader" (in Qobes, [[Jewish Palestine Exploration Society]], 1934), pp. 41-61</ref><ref name=":1" /> Subsequent analysis by G. Foerster in 1982 shed light on earlier phases of construction.<ref name=":1" />

The empress [[Aelia Eudocia]] composed a [[Aelia Eudocia#The Hamat Gader poem|poem]] praising the qualities of the multiple springs which was inscribed so that visitors could see it as they went into the pool.

Some of the buildings including the famous [[thermae]] were damaged by an earthquake and restored in 663 by the first [[Umayyad]] [[caliph]] [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiyah]] who ruled from [[Damascus]].<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Hirschfeld |first1=Yizhar |last2=Solar |first2=Giora |date=1981 |title=The Roman Thermae at Ḥammat Gader: Preliminary Report of Three Seasons of Excavations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27925800 |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=31 |issue=3/4 |pages=197–219 |jstor=27925800 |issn=0021-2059))</ref> A century later the [[749 Galilee earthquake]] hit. Eventually, in the 9th century, the baths were abandoned and a thick layer of [[silt]] covered the ruins.

===Mandate period===
((See also|Al-Hamma, Tiberias#History))

The border between the [[Mandatory Palestine]] and the [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon]] was drawn in 1923, and Al-Hamma was included in Palestine.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/67line.html "''The Line of June 4, 1967''", Frederic C. Hof, Jewish Virtual Library]</ref>((bsn|date=June 2022))

Before 1949, the Palestinian Arab village [[Al-Hamma, Tiberias|Al-Hamma]] was located at this site. At the time of the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], it had 46 occupied houses and a population of 170 Muslims, 1 Jew and 1 Christian.<ref name="Census1931">((cite book |editor= Mills, E. |title= Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |publisher= Government of Palestine |location= Jerusalem |year= 1932 |page= 82))</ref>

===Syrian control===
[[File:Ein Gev - Al Samra - Al Hamma Demilitarized Zone.png|thumb|left|Ein Gev - Al Samra - Al Hamma Demilitarized Zone, per the [[Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission]]]]

After the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], according to the [[Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission|armistice agreements of 1949 Between Israel and Syria]], it was determined that the area would be included in the [[demilitarized zone]] (DMZ) between Israel and [[Syria]]. The villagers and their property were formally protected by Article V of the Israeli-Syrian agreement of 20 July that year.<ref name="Morris512" /><ref>[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/E845CA0B92BE4E3485256442007901CC UN Doc S/1353] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726121056/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/E845CA0B92BE4E3485256442007901CC |date=2011-07-26 )) Syria Israel Armistice Agreement of 20 July 1949</ref> However, Israel thought the Arab villagers could pose a security threat, and Israeli settlers and settlement agencies coveted the land. Israel therefore wanted the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] inhabitants, a total of 2,200 people, moved to Syria.<ref name="Morris512">((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C  |first=Benny |last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=513))</ref>

On April 4, 1951, a two-vehicle military patrol set out for Hamat Gader in order to assert Israeli sovereignty over the site, over the objections from the Northern Command that Syria was likely to attack it.<ref name="Morris378">((cite book | author = Benny Morris | title = Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956 | pages = 378–279 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1993))</ref> Since military forces were not permitted in the DMZ, members of the patrol were disguised as policemen.<ref name="Morris378" /> As predicted, the Syrians [[Al-Hamma incident|attacked the patrol]] and seven Israeli soldiers were killed.<ref name="Morris378" /> In retaliation, Israel bombed the Syrian police station at al Hamma and another Syrian position, killing two women, and demolished the empty houses in [[Kirad al-Ghannama]], [[Kirad al-Baqqara]], [[Al-Samra]] and [[Nuqeib]] in order to render the DMZ "clear of Arabs".<ref name="Morris378" />

===Israeli control===
Israeli control over Hamat Gader was secured during the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, when the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli army]] occupied the surrounding [[Golan Heights]], allowing free access to Hamat Gader for Israelis. Since then, it has been under Israeli control and has been developed as a tourist attraction, health resort and an alligator and exotic bird reserve. The health resort opened in 1977.<ref name="Hamat Gader in the 20th Century">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060212230801/http://www.hamat-gader.com/hamatInfo.php?subjId=todayProfile&linkOrder=9&subLink=20 Hamat Gader in the 20th Century]</ref>

Today, Hamat Gader also includes a [[crocodilia]]n farm with [[crocodile]]s, [[alligator]]s and even [[caiman]]s and [[gavial]]s. It has about 200 crocodilians and it is the largest crocodile farm in the [[Middle East]].((cn|date=July 2022))

==Tourist site==
[[File:Hamat gader at night.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Hamat Gader at night]]
The Hamat Gader tourist site is centered around thermal baths and a crocodile farm. The water of the thermal baths contains [[sulfur]] at a concentration of 4.7%, which may have a therapeutic effect on skin diseases, [[asthma]], rheumatism and wrist pain, as well as renew skin cells.((citation needed|date=June 2013))

==Further reading==
* [[E.L. Sukenik]], ''The Ancient Synagogue of el-Hammeh'', Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, 1935. pp.&nbsp;101–ff.

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Hamat Gader))
*[https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/search.php?search=%21collection2762 Photos of the Hammat Gader baths] at the [[Manar al-Athar]] photo archive

((Coord|32|41|2.51|N|35|39|55.43|E|display=title))
((National parks of Israel))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Hot springs]]
[[Category:Springs of Israel]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites on the Golan Heights]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Golan Heights]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Northern District (Israel)]]
[[Category:Israeli mosaics]]

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