You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 54.163.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 17:28, 10 March 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 18:27, 12 November 2023
- Expiry of block: 18:27, 12 November 2028
Your current IP address is 54.163.179.242. The blocked range is 54.163.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Traitor to the Han Chinese state))
((Hatnote|Not to be confused with ''[[Guo Zhongshu#Han Jian|Han Jian]]'', the paleographic dictionary by Guo Zhongshu (d. 977)))
((Italic title))
In Chinese culture, the word '''''hanjian''''' (((zh|t=漢奸|s=汉奸|first=t|p=Hànjiān|w=han-chien))) is a pejorative term for a traitor to the [[Han Chinese]] state and, to a lesser extent, Han ethnicity. The word ''hanjian'' is distinct from the general word for traitor, which could be used for any country or ethnicity. As a Chinese term, it is a digraph of the [[Chinese characters]] for "Han" and "traitor". ''Han'' is the majority ethnic group in China; and ''Jian'', in Chinese legal language, primarily referred to illicit sex. Implied by this term was a Han Chinese carrying on an illicit relationship with the enemy.<ref name="xia_0006">((Cite journal|last=Xia|first=Yun|date=2013|title=Engendering Contempt for Collaborators: Anti-Hanjian Discourse Following the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 |journal=Journal of Women's History|volume=25|issue=1|pages=111–134|doi=10.1353/jowh.2013.0006|s2cid=144816452|issn=1527-2036 ))</ref> ''Hanjian'' is often worded as "collaborator" in the West.

((Infobox Chinese
|t=((linktext|漢|奸))
|s=((linktext|汉|奸))
|l=[[Han Chinese|Han]] traitor
|p=Hànjiān
|poj=Hàn-kan
|w=Han<sup>4</sup>-chien<sup>1</sup>
|j=Hon3 Gaan1
))

==History==
[[Image:Hanjian poster in Nanking.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[Propaganda in the Republic of China|Chinese propaganda poster]] titled "Fate of Hanjians", published by the Capital City Resistance War Supporters Association of All Citizens, was posted throughout [[Nanjing]] soon after the [[Battle of Nanking]]. Clockwise from top right: a hanjian being beaten by a mob; a hanjian who sends a signal to enemy aircraft will die in an air raid; the severed head of a hanjian put on display as a warning to others; a hanjian will be arrested and shot.]]

The term ''hanjian'' is one that emerged from a “conflation of political and ethnic identities, which was often blurred in the expression of Chinese nationalism.”<ref name="xia_0006" /> It was/is applied to individuals who are designated collaborators and by which were not all ethnically Han. The modern usage of the term stems from the Second Sino-Japanese War in which circumstances forced political figures in China to choose between resistance and collaboration.<ref name="xia_0006" /> Nuance in understanding not just why some Chinese chose to cooperate with Japanese but as well as inquiring why cooperation made sense to people at that time has opened up ''hanjian'' into being an ambiguous term in modern history rather than the black and white one that it is so often used as.<ref>((Cite book |title=Collaboration : Japanese agents and local elites in wartime China |last=Brook, Timothy |date=2007 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674023987 |location=Cambridge, MA |page=245 |oclc=77012551))</ref>

There tend to be two types of ''hanjian'', or collaborationists, when observing the era of the Sino-Japanese War: “the educated and intellectuals, who simply wanted to get power and wealth for themselves, and the poor and uneducated, whose poverty drove them to collaborate and whose ignorance saved them from even thinking they had to justify what they were doing.”<ref>((Cite book |title=Collaboration : Japanese agents and local elites in wartime China |last=Brook, Timothy |date=2007 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674023987 |location=Cambridge, MA |page=231 |oclc=77012551))</ref> Due to this notion and the modern ambiguity of the term, each of these two categories had various motives with the majority being different but some overlapping.

===Educated and intellectuals===

[[File:汪精衛照片.jpg|thumb|[[Wang Jingwei]]]]
Educated ''hanjian'' is often reserved for those who were either scholars or within government. The most infamous ''hanjian'' government in mainland China is [[Wang Jingwei regime|Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China]], often referred to as the [[Wang Jingwei]] regime after its president. The [[Wang Jingwei regime]] sought to be the dominant governmental force in China and believed it could do so by collaborating and being submissive to Japan in what they deemed their “Peace Movement.”<ref>((Cite book |title=Passivity, resistance, and collaboration : intellectual choices in occupied Shanghai, 1937–1945 |last=Fu, Poshek |date=1993 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0804721726 |location=Stanford, CA |page=112 |oclc=27814882))</ref> Wang found resistance to his government when he visited cities, such as Shanghai, and “intellectuals who showed sympathy for Wang risked ostracism, if not death.”

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], the [[National Revolutionary Army]] was defeated in various battles by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] explained that ''hanjian'' espionage helped the Japanese and ordered [[CC Clique]] commander [[Chen Lifu]] to arrest the ''hanjians''.<ref>''Yomiuri Shimbun'', September 14, 1937 page 7</ref> 4,000 were arrested in [[Shanghai]]<ref>''Yomiuri Shimbun'', September 15, 1937 second evening issue, page 1</ref> and 2,000 in [[Nanjing]].<ref>''Gahō Yakushin no Nippon'', December 1, 1937</ref> Because martial law was enforced, formal trials were not necessary, and the condemned were executed swiftly, while thousands of men, women and children watched with evident approval.<ref>''The New York Times'' August 30, 1937 page 3</ref>

===Uneducated===

[[Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman|Taiwanese soldiers who fought in the Japanese military]] against Chinese forces and the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] are also considered to be hanjian.((citation needed|date=November 2012)) The [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] issued an important law in 1937:((blockquote|The centerpiece of anti hanjian laws, “Regulations on Handling Hanjian Cases (chuli hanjian anjian tiaoli),” promulgated in August 1937, identified collaborators based on their wartime conduct and stipulated punishments regardless of their age, gender, or ethnicity. Popular anti-hanjian discourse, however, paid particular attention to “female collaborators” and deployed a highly gendered vocabulary to attack hanjian suspects of both sexes. Complementing the legal purge of collaborators, such literature brought extreme pressure on individuals targeted as hanjian and influenced how political crimes should be exposed and transposed onto other aspects of social life.((sfn|Xia|2013|p=111))|sign=|source=))

Several Taiwanese were prosecuted by the [[Nationalist government]] as ''hanjian'', despite a [[Judicial Yuan]] interpretation issued in January 1946 that advised against such action.<ref>((cite news |author1=Han Cheung |title=Taiwan in Time: The Taiwanese 'hanjian' problem |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2019/01/13/2003707836/2 |access-date=13 January 2019 |work=Taipei Times |date=13 January 2019))</ref>

After the [[Sook Ching]] (((zh|t=肅清|p=Sùqīng))) or [[ethnic cleansing]] by mass murder of Chinese opposed to the [[Japanese occupation of Singapore]] and [[Japanese occupation of Malaya|Malaya]] in February–March 1942, [[Tan Kah Kee]], a prominent Chinese industrialist and philanthropist in Southeast Asia, proposed to the provisional Republic of China government to treat all Chinese who attempted to negotiate with the Japanese as ''hanjians''.((citation needed|date=November 2012)) His proposal was adopted by the Second [[Legislative Yuan]],((citation needed|date=November 2012)) and was praised by Chinese resistance fighters.

==Notable people who are considered ''hanjians''==
((more citations needed section|date=August 2007))
* [[Wang Kemin]] (1879–1945), who collaborated with the Japanese during World War II and helped to establish the pro-Japan [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)|Provisional Government of the Republic of China]] (or North China Autonomous Government). After the war, he was arrested by the ROC government and tried for treason but committed suicide before his trial ended.
* [[Demchugdongrub]] (1902–1966), commonly known as Prince De, a Mongol leader who collaborated with the Japanese. He was installed by the Japanese as the head of state of [[Mengjiang]], a Japanese puppet state in [[Inner Mongolia]]. He was arrested by the PRC government in 1949 and charged with treason but was pardoned later. As he was an ethnic Mongol and not a Han Chinese, some((Who|date=June 2020)) feel that he should not be deemed as a hanjian.
* [[Wang Jingwei]] (1883–1944), a left-wing [[Kuomintang]] politician and former close aide of [[Sun Yat-sen]], who advocated peace negotiations during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. He set up the pro-Japan [[Reorganized National Government of China]] in [[Nanjing]] with the help of the Japanese.
* [[Zhou Fohai]] (1897–1948), the second-in-command of the Wang Jingwei government [[Executive Yuan]]. He was convicted of treason after the war and sentenced to death, but [[Chiang Kai-shek]] commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. He died of heart and stomach problems in jail.
* [[Chen Gongbo]] (1892–1946), who served as the head of the [[Legislative Yuan]] of the Wang Jingwei government, is seen as China's most prominent ''hanjian.''<ref>((Cite journal|last=Zanasi|first=Margherita|date=June 2008|title=Globalizing Hanjian: The Suzhou Trials and the Post–World War II Discourse on Collaboration|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=113|issue=3|pages=731–751|doi=10.1086/ahr.113.3.731|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free))</ref> Chen held important positions within the [[Wang Jingwei regime|Reorganized Nationalist Government of the Republic of China]] and succeeded [[Wang Jingwei]] as acting chairman after Wang's death in November 1944. Chen was accused of “plotting with the enemy” and “opposing the central government.” Chen defended his work with the [[Wang Jingwei regime|Reorganized Nationalist Government of the Republic of China]] by describing it as “negotiating with the Japanese in an attempt to preserve China’s resources, protect its people, and slowly erode Japan’s control over China.”<ref>((Cite journal|last=Zanasi|first=Margherita|date=June 2008|title=GlobalizingHanjian: The Suzhou Trials and the Post–World War II Discourse on Collaboration|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=113|issue=3|pages=731–751|doi=10.1086/ahr.113.3.731|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free))</ref> He fled to Japan after the war but was extradited back to China, where he was convicted of treason and executed.
*[[Yoshiko Kawashima]] (1907–1948), also known as the "Eastern Jewel", was a Manchu princess raised in Japan, who spied for the Japanese in Manchuria. After the war, she was arrested and convicted of treason and executed. She has been featured in numerous Chinese and Japanese novels, films, television programs, and video games, with the Chinese frequently depicting her as a wanton villain and seductress while the Japanese portrayed her as a tragic heroine. Due to her Manchu ethnicity and Japanese background, some((Who|date=June 2020)) feel that she should not be considered a hanjian.
*[[Yoshiko Yamaguchi]] (1920–2014), also known as "Li Xianglan" was one of the [[Seven Great Singing Stars]]. After the war, she was arrested and sentenced to death for starring in [[Cinema of Japan#Wartime movies|Japanese propaganda films]], but after Chinese authorities discovered her Japanese ancestry she was acquitted and deported to Japan. As she was the daughter of Japanese immigrants, some((Who|date=February 2021)) do not consider her to be a hanjian.
*[[Date Junnosuke]] (1892–1948), also known as Zhang Zongyuan, was a sworn brother of [[Fengtian clique|Fengtian Clique]] warlord [[Zhang Zongchang]], who changed his nationality to Chinese in 1931, though he was of Japanese ethnicity. He took over Jinan and led a massacre of around 400 people in 1939. In 1945, he created the ultimately unsuccessful Zhang Zongchang Unit. After the war, he was arrested for war crimes and executed by firing squad.

==In popular culture==
((more citations needed|date=July 2023))
In [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[The Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian Aggression Song|Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian Aggression Song]] one part of the lyrics is 殺漢奸 meaning "kill traitors".

Popularly, most hanjian in Chinese films and drama series, skits, Hanjian are mostly the translators. Sometimes they are also called the ''er guizi'' (((zh|s=二鬼子)), ''lit. second devils'') or ''jia yang guizi'' (((zh|s=假洋鬼子)), ''lit. fake foreign devils''). For example, Chinese actor [[Chen Peisi]]'s famous skit ''Zhujue yu Peijue'' (''主角与配角, lit. the main actor and the supportive actor''), Chen is acting as the supportive actor who is in a film that the character is the translator leading the way for [[Japanese Imperial Army]]. The translator represents the Army officer to send a message to the [[Eighth Route Army]] officer whose actor would be [[Zhu Shimao]] that if he surrenders, the Japanese officer will have a great beautiful offer for him.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.5ixiaosong.com/zhushimao/5454.html |title=陈佩斯 朱时茂经典小品《主角与配角》-我爱小宋网 |website=www.5ixiaosong.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014160929/http://www.5ixiaosong.com/zhushimao/5454.html |archive-date=2017-10-14))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Treason]]
* [[Collaborationism]]
* [[Chinilpa]]
* [[Makapili]]
* [[Collaborationist Chinese Army]]
* [[Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman]]
* [[Vichy France]]
* [[Quisling]]
* [[Benedict Arnold#Infamy in the United States|Benedict Arnold]]
* [[Uncle Tom]]
* [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]]
* [[Jingri]]
* [[Việt gian]]
* [[Race traitor]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((DEFAULTSORT:Hanjian))
[[Category:Political pejoratives for people]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Second Sino-Japanese War]]
[[Category:Treason]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Hanjian (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Blockquote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Blockquote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox Chinese (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Italic title (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Linktext (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:PAGENAMEBASE (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Sfn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Who (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox multi-lingual name (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox multi-lingual name/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Italic title (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang-zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Hanjian.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanjian"