Haplogroup L-M20
Possible time of origin30,000[1] - 43,000 years BP[2]
Possible place of originMiddle East, West Asia, South Asia or Pamir Mountains
AncestorLT
Defining mutationsM11, M20, M61, M185, L656, L863, L878, L879[web 1]
Highest frequenciesSyria Raqqa, Balochistan, Northern Afghanistan, Karnataka, Tarkhan, Jats, Kalash, Nuristanis, Burusho, Pashtuns, Lazs, Afshar village, Fascia, Veneto, Southern Tyrol

Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT, haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a, and is a sibling of haplogroup T (a.k.a. K1b).

The presence of L-M20 has been observed at varying levels throughout South Asia, peaking in populations native to Balochistan (28%),[3] Northern Afghanistan (25%),[4] and Southern India (19%).[5] The clade also occurs in Tajikistan and Anatolia, as well as at lower frequencies in Iran. It has also been present for millennia at very low levels in the Caucasus, Europe and Central Asia. The subclade L2 (L-L595) has been found in Europe and Western Asia, but is extremely rare.

Phylogenetic tree

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup L-M20. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas.[web 1] The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup L-M20:[web 1]

Origins

L-M20 is a descendant of Haplogroup LT,[6][7] which is a descendant of haplogroup K-M9.[8][7] According to Dr. Spencer Wells, L-M20 originated in the Eurasian K-M9 clan that migrated eastwards from the Middle East, and later southwards from the Pamir Knot into present-day Pakistan and India.[9][10] These people arrived in India approximately 30,000 years ago.[9][10] Hence, it is hypothesized that the first bearer of M20 marker was born either in India or the Middle East.[9] Other studies have proposed either a West Asian or South Asian origin for L-M20 and associated its expansion in the Indus valley to Neolithic farmers.[11][12][13][14][15][16] Genetic studies suggest that L-M20 may be one of the haplogroups of the original creators of the Indus Valley Civilisation.[3][17][15] McElreavy and Quintana-Murci, writing on the Indus Valley Civilisation, state that

One Y-chromosome haplogroup (L-M20) has a high mean frequency of 14% in Pakistan and so differs from all other haplogroups in its frequency distribution. L-M20 is also observed, although at lower frequencies, in neighbouring countries, such as India, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Russia. Both the frequency distribution and estimated expansion time (~7,000 YBP) of this lineage suggest that its spread in the Indus Valley may be associated with the expansion of local farming groups during the Neolithic period.[15]

Sengupta et al. (2006) observed three subbranches of haplogroup L: L1-M76 (L1a1), L2-M317 (L1b) and L3-M357 (L1a2), with distinctive geographic affiliations.[5] Almost all Indian members of haplogroup L are L1 derived, with L3-M357 occurring only sporadically (0.4%).[18][19] Conversely in Pakistan, L3-M357 subclade account for 86% of L-M20 chromosomes and reaches an intermediate frequency of 6.8%, overall.[20] L1-M76 occurs at a frequency of 7.5% in India and 5.1% in Pakistan, exhibiting peak variance distribution in the Maharashtra region in coastal western India.[21]

Geographical distribution

In India, L-M20 has a higher frequency among Dravidian castes, but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes.[5] In Pakistan, it has highest frequency in Balochistan.[22]

It has also been found at low frequencies among populations of Central Asia and South West Asia (including Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, and Yemen) as well as in Southern Europe (especially areas adjoining the Mediterranean Sea).[citation needed]

Preliminary evidence gleaned from non-scientific sources, such as individuals who have had their Y-chromosomes tested by commercial labs,[web 2] suggests that most European examples of Haplogroup L-M20 might belong to the subclade L2-M317, which is, among South Asian populations, generally the rarest of the subclades of Haplogroup L.[web 2]

South Asia

India

It has higher frequency among Dravidian castes (ca. 17-19%) but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes (ca. 5-6%).[5] The presence of haplogroup L-M20 is quite rare among tribal groups (ca. 5,6-7%) (Cordaux 2004, Sengupta 2006, and Thamseem 2006). However, the Korova tribe of Uttara Kannada in which L-M11 occurs at 68% is an exception.[23]

L-M20 was found at 38% in the Bharwad caste and 21% in Charan caste from Junagarh district in Gujarat.(Shah 2011) It has also been reported at 17% in the Kare Vokkal tribe from Uttara Kannada in Karnataka.(Shah 2011) It is also found at low frequencies in other populations from Junagarh district and Uttara Kannada. L-M20 is the single largest male lineage (36.8%) among the Jat people of Northern India and is found at 16.33% among the Gujar's of Jammu and Kashmir.[17][24] It also occurs at 18.6% among the Konkanastha Brahmins of the Konkan region[25] and at 15% among the Maratha's of Maharashtra.[26] L-M20 is also found at 32.35% in the Vokkaligas and at 17.82% in the Lingayats of Karnataka.[27] L-M20 is also found at 48% among the Kallar (caste), 26% among the Saurashtra people, 20.7% among the Ambalakarar, 16.7% among the Iyengar and 17.2% among the Iyer castes of Tamil Nadu.[28][26] L-M11 is found in frequencies of 8-16% among Indian Jews.[29] L-M20 has an overall frequency of 12% in Punjab.[19] 2% of Siddis have also been reported with L-M11.(Shah 2011) Haplogroup L-M20 is currently present in the Indian population at an overall frequency of ca. 7-15%.[Footnote 1]

Pakistan

The greatest concentration of Haplogroup L-M20 is along the Indus River in Pakistan where the Indus Valley civilization flourished during 3300–1300 BC with its mature period between 2600–1900 BCE. L-M357's highest frequency and diversity is found in the Balochistan province at 28%[22] with a moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population at 11.6% (Firasat et al. 2007)). It is also found in Afghanistan ethnic counterparts as well, such as with the Pashtuns and Balochis. L-M357 is found frequently among Burusho (approx. 12% (Firasat et al. 2007)) and Pashtuns (approx. 7% (Firasat et al. 2007)),

L1a and L1c-M357 are found at 24% among Balochis, L1a and L1c are found at 8% among the Dravidian-speaking Brahui, L1c is found at 25% among Kalash, L1c is found at 15% among Burusho, L1a-M76 and L1b-M317 are found at 2% among the Makranis and L1c is found at 3.6% of Sindhis according to Julie di Cristofaro et al. 2013.[30] L-M20 is found at 17.78% among the Parsis.[31] L3a is found at 23% among the Nuristanis in both Pakistan and Afghanistan.[32]

L-PK3 is found in approximately 23% of Kalash in northwest Pakistan (Firasat et al. 2007).

Middle East and Anatolia

L-M20 was found in 51% of Syrians from Raqqa, a northern Syrian city whose previous inhabitants were wiped out by Mongol genocides and repopulated in recent times by local Bedouin populations and Chechen war refugees from Russia (El-Sibai 2009). In a small sample of Israeli Druze haplogroup L-M20 was found in 7 out of 20 (35%). However, studies done on bigger samples showed that L-M20 averages 5% in Israeli Druze,[Footnote 2] 8% in Lebanese Druze,[Footnote 3] and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze. Haplogroup L-M20 has been found in 2.0% (1/50) (Wells 2001) to 5.25% (48/914) of Lebanese (Zalloua 2008).

Populations Distribution Source
Turkey 57% in Afshar village, 12% (10/83) in Black Sea Region, 6.6% (7/106) of Turks in Turkey, 4.2% (1/523 L-M349 and 21/523 L-M11(xM27, M349)) Cinnioğlu 2004, Gokcumen 2008
Iran 54.9% (42/71) L in Priest Zoroastrian Parsis
22.2% L1b and L1c in South Iran (2/9)
8% to 16% L2-L595, L1a, L1b and L1c of Kurds in Kordestan (2-4/25)
9.1% L-M20 (7/77) of Persians in Eastern Iran
3.4% L-M76 (4/117) and 2.6% L-M317 (3/117)
for a total of 6.0% (7/117) haplogroup L-M20 in Southern Iran
3.0% (1/33) L-M357 in Northern Iran
4.2% L1c-M357 of Azeris in East Azeris (1/21)
4.8% L1a and L1b of Persians in Esfahan (2/42)		 Regueiro 2006, Di Cristofaro 2013, Malyarchuk 2013
Syria 51.0% (33/65) of Syrians in Raqqa, 31.0% of Eastern Syrians El-Sibai 2009
Laz 41.7% (15/36) L1b-M317 [citation needed]
Saudi Arabians 15.6% ( 4/32 of L-M76 and 1/32 of L-317 ) 1.91% (2/157=1.27% L-M76 and 1/157=0.64% L-M357) Abu-Amero 2009
Kurds 3.2% of Kurds in Southeast Turkey Flores 2005
Iraq 3.1% (2/64) L-M22 Sanchez 2005
Armenians 1.63% (12/734) to 4.3% (2/47) Weale 2001 and Wells 2001
Omanis 1% L-M11 Luis 2004
Qataris 2.8% (2/72 L-M76) Cadenas 2008
UAE Arabs 3.0% (4/164 L-M76 and 1/164 L-M357) Cadenas 2008

Central Asia

Afghanistan

A study on the Pashtun male lineages in Afghanistan, found that Haplogroup L-M20, with an overall frequency of 9.5%, is the second most abundant male lineage among them.[33] It exhibits substantial disparity in its distribution on either side of the Hindu Kush range, with 25% of the northern Afghan Pashtuns belonging to this lineage, compared with only 4.8% of males from the south.[33] Specifically, paragroup L3*-M357 accounts for the majority of the L-M20 chromosomes among Afghan Pashtuns in both the north (20.5%) and south (4.1%).[33] An earlier study involving a lesser number of samples had reported that L1c comprises 12.24% of the Afghan Pashtun male lineages.[34][35] L1c is also found at 7.69% among the Balochs of Afghanistan.[34] However L1a-M76 occurs in a much more higher frequency among the Balochs (20[35] to 61.54%),[35] and is found at lower levels in Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek and Turkmen populations.[35]

Populations Distribution Source
Tajiks 22.5% (9/40), 11.1% (6/54) L1a and L1c in Balkh Province, 9.0% (7/78), 6.3% (1/16) L1c in Samangan Province, 5.4% (2/37) L1c in Badakhshan Province Malyarchuk 2013Wells 2001
Uzbeks 20% (1/5) L1c in Balkh Province, 14.3% (4/28) L1a and L1c in Sar-e Pol Province, 7.5% (7/94)L1a, L1b and L1c in Jawzjan Province, 3.0% (11/366) to 3.7% (2/54) Wells 2001, Karafet et al. 2001 and Di Cristofaro 2013
Uyghurs 16.7% (1/6) L1c-M357 in Kyrgyzstan Di Cristofaro 2013
Pamiris 16% (7/44) of Shugnanis, 12% 3/25 of Ishkashimis, 0/30 Bartangis Wells 2001
Hazaras 12.5% (1/8) L1a in Balkh Province, 1.9% (2/69) L1a in Bamiyan Province Di Cristofaro 2013
Yagnobis 9.7% (3/31) Wells 2001
Bukharan Arabs 9.5% (4/42) Wells 2001
Pashtuns 9.4% (5/53) L1a and L1b in Kunduz Province, 2.9% (1/34) L1c in Baghlan Province Di Cristofaro 2013
Dungans 8.3% (1/12) L1c in Kyrgyzstan Di Cristofaro 2013
Uyghurs (Lopliks) 7.8% (5/64) L-M357 in Qarchugha Village, Lopnur County, Xinjiang[36] Liu 2018
Karakalpaks 4.5% (2/44) Wells 2001
Uyghurs 4.4% (3/68) Karafet et al. 2001 and Hammer 2005[Footnote 4]
Turkmens 4.1% (3/74) L1a in Jawzjan Province Di Cristofaro 2013
Chelkans 4.0% (1/25) Dulik 2012 and Dulik 2012
Kyrgyzes 2.7% (1/37) L1c in Northwest Kyrgyzstan and 2.5% (1/40) L1a in Central Kyrgyzstan Di Cristofaro 2013
Kazan Tatars 2.6% (1/38) Wells 2001
Hui 1.9% (1/54) Karafet et al. 2001
Bashkirs 0.64% (3/471) Lobov 2009

East Asia

Researchers studying samples of Y-DNA from populations of East Asia have rarely tested their samples for any of the mutations that define Haplogroup L. However, mutations for Haplogroup L have been tested and detected in samples of Balinese (13/641 = 2.0% L-M20), Han Chinese (1/57 = 1.8%),[37] Dolgans from Sakha and Taymyr (1/67 = 1.5% L-M20) and Koreans (3/506 = 0.6% L-M20).[38][39][40]

Europe

An article by O. Semino et al. published in the journal Science (Volume 290, 10 November 2000) reported the detection of the M11-G mutation, which is one of the mutations that defines Haplogroup L, in approximately 1% to 3% of samples from Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Calabria (Italy), and Andalusia (Spain). The sizes of the samples analyzed in this study were generally quite small, so it is possible that the actual frequency of Haplogroup L-M20 among Mediterranean European populations may be slightly lower or higher than that reported by Semino et al., but there seems to be no study to date that has described more precisely the distribution of Haplogroup L-M20 in Southwest Asia and Europe.

Populations Distribution Source
Fascia, Italy 19.2% of Fascians L-M20 [citation needed]
Nonstal, Italy 10% of Nonesi L-M20 Di Giacomo 2003
Samnium, Italy 10% of Aquilanis L-M20 Boattini 2013
Vicenza, Italy 10% of Venetians L-M20 Boattini 2013
South Tyrol, Italy 8.9% of Ladin speakers from Val Badia, 8.3% of Val Badia, 2.9% of Puster Valley, 2.2% of German speakers from Val Badia, 2% of German speakers from Upper Vinschgau, 1.9% of German speakers from Lower Vinschgau and 1.7% of Italian speakers from Bolzano Pichler 2006 and Thomas 2007.
Georgians 20% (2/10) of Georgians in Gali, 14.3% (2/14) of Georgians in Chokhatauri, 12.5% (2/16) of Georgians in Martvili, 11.8% (2/17) of Georgians in Abasha, 11.1% (2/18) of Georgians in Baghdati, 10% (1/10) of Georgians in Gardabani, 9.1% (1/11) of Georgians in Adigeni, 6.9% (2/29) of Georgians in Omalo, 5.9% (1/17) of Georgians in Gurjaani, 5.9% (1/17) of Georgians in Lentekhi and 1.5% (1/66) L-M357(xPK3) to 1.6% (1/63) L-M11 Battaglia 2008, Semino 2000 and Tarkhnishvili 2014
Daghestan, Russia 10% of Chechens in Daghestan, 9.5% (4/42) of Avars, 8.3% (2/24) of Tats, 3.7% (1/27) of Chamalins Yunusbaev 2006, Caciagli 2009
Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia 5.9% of Russians L1c-M357 [citation needed]
Estonia L2-L595 and L1-M22 are found in 5.3%, 3.5%, 1.4% and 0.8% of Estonians Scozzari 2001 and Lappalainen 2008
Balkarians, Russia 5.3% (2/38) L-M317 Battaglia 2008
Portugal 5.0% of Coimbra Beleza 2006
Bulgaria 3.9% of Bulgarians [citation needed]
Flanders L1a*: 3.17% of Mechelen 2.4% of Turnhout and 1.3% of Kempen. L1b*: 0.74% of West Flanders and East Flanders Larmuseau 2010 and Larmuseau 2011
Antsiferovo, Novgorod 2.3% of Russians [citation needed]
East Tyrol, Austria L-M20 is found in 1.9% of Tyroleans in Region B (Isel, Lower Drau, Defereggen, Virgen, and Kals valley) [citation needed]
Gipuzkoa, Basque Country L1b is found in 1.7% of Gipuzkoans Young 2011
North Tyrol, Austria L-M20 is found in 0.8% of Tyroleans in Reutte [citation needed]

Southern Africa and the Swahili Coast

Researchers in 2013 studying the origins of the Lemba people - who are of paternal South Arabian ancestry - found that 13.8% of Lemba males carried the Y-DNA L-M20, specifically the subclade L-M349 making it the 4th most common lineage amongst them.[41] A Lemba sample from South Africa submitted to Familytreedna in 2023 was found to carry a yet unnamed L-M349 subclade of L-FT408126 which was closest to 2 samples from Iraq and Iran.[42] There are also other known clades of L-FT408126 in Yemen.

Researchers also found traces of traces of L-M20 on the Swahili coast in Kenya amounting to 4.2% of the total population.

Subclade distribution

L1 (M295)

L-M295 is found from Western Europe to South Asia.[Footnote 5]

The L1 subclade is also found at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands.[43]

L1a1 (M27)

L-M27 is found in 14.5% of Indians and 15% of Sri Lankans, with a moderate distribution in other populations of Pakistan, southern Iran and Europe, but slightly higher Middle East Arab populations.[citation needed] There is a very minor presence among Siddi's (2%),[44] as well.

L1a2 (M357)

L-M357 is found frequently among Burushos, Kalashas, Jats, Pashtuns, with a moderate distribution among other populations in Pakistan, Georgia,[45] Chechens,[46] Ingushes,[46] northern Iran, India, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia.[citation needed]

A Chinese study published in 2018 found L-M357/L1307 in 7.8% (5/64) of a sample of Loplik Uyghurs from Qarchugha Village, Lopnur County, Xinjiang.[36]

L-PK3

L-PK3, which is downstream of L-M357,[47] is found frequently among Kalash.[citation needed]

L1b (M317)

L-M317 is found at low frequency in Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe.[citation needed]

In Europe, L-M317 has been found in Northeast Italians (3/67 = 4.5%)[45] and Greeks (1/92 = 1.1%).[45]

In Caucasia, L-M317 has been found in Mountain Jews (2/10 = 20%[48]), Avars (4/42 = 9.5%,[48] 3%[46]), Balkarians (2/38 = 5.3%),[45] Abkhaz (8/162 = 4.9%,[48] 2/58 = 3.4%[46]), Chamalals (1/27 = 3.7%[48]), Abazins (2/88 = 2.3%[48]), Adyghes (3/154 = 1.9%[48]), Chechens (3/165 = 1.8%[48]), Armenians (1/57 = 1.8%[48]), Lezgins (1/81 = 1.2%[46]), and Ossetes (1/132 = 0.76% North Ossetians,[48] 2/230 = 0.9% Iron[46]).

L-M317 has been found in Makranis (2/20 = 10%) in Pakistan, Iranians (3/186 = 1.6%), Pashtuns in Afghanistan (1/87 = 1.1%), and Uzbeks in Afghanistan (1/127 = 0.79%).[49]

L1b1 (M349)

L-M349 is found in some Crimean Karaites who are Levites.[50] Some of L-M349's branches are found in West Asia, including L-Y31183 in Lebanon, L-Y31184 in Armenia, and L-Y130640 in Iraq, Iran, Yemen and South Africa. Others are found in Europe, such as L-PAGE116 in Italy, L-FT304386 in Slovenia, and L-FGC36841 in Moldova.[51] 13.8% of Lemba males carry L-M349 under the clade L-Y130640.[41] This percentage is most likely due to a founder effect in their population making them the only group on the African continent with any substancial proportion of L-M20.[52]

L2 (L595)

L2-L595 is extremely rare, and has been identified by private testing in individuals from Europe and Western Asia.

Two confirmed L2-L595 individuals from Iran were reported in a 2020 study supplementary.[53] Possible but unconfirmed cases of L2 include 4% (1/25) L-M11(xM76, M27, M317, M357) in a sample of Iranians in Kordestan[49] and 2% (2/100) L-M20(xM27, M317, M357) in a sample of Shapsugs,[46] among other rare reported cases of L which don't fall into the common branches.

L2 in modern populations
Region Population n/Sample size Percentage Source
West Asia Azerbaijan 2/204 1 [54]
Central Europe Germany 1/8641 0.0000115 [55]
Southern Europe Greece 1/753 0.1 [56]
West Asia Iran 2/800 0.25 [53]
Southern Europe Italy 3/913 0.3 [57]

Ancient DNA

Chalcolithic South Caucasus

Areni-1 Cave
Property Areni-I Areni-II Areni-III
ID AR1/44 I1634 AR1/46 I1632 ARE12 I1407
Y DNA L1a L1a1-M27 L1a
Population Chalcolithic (Horizon III) Chalcolithic (Horizon III) Chalcolithic (Horizon II)
Language
Culture Late Chalcolithic Late Chalcolithic Late Chalcolithic
Date (YBP) 6161 ± 89 6086 ± 72 6025 ± 325
Burial / Location Burial 2 / Areni-1 Cave Burial 3 / Areni-1 Cave Trench 2A, Unit 7, Square S33/T33, Locus 9, Spit 23 / Areni-1 Cave
Members / Sample Size 1/3 1/3 1/3
Percentage 33.3% 33.3% 33.3%
mtDNA H2a1 K1a8 H*
Isotope Sr
Eye color (HIrisPlex System) Likely Blue
Hair color (HIrisPlex System) Likely Red
Skin pigmentation Likely light
ABO Blood Group Likely O or B
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0)
FADS activity
Lactase Persistence Likely lactose-intolerant
Oase-1 Shared DNA
Ostuni1 Shared DNA
Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA
Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA
Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA
Ancestral Component (AC)
puntDNAL K12 Ancient
Dodecad [dv3]
Eurogenes [K=36]
Dodecad [Globe13]
Genetic Distance
Parental Consanguinity
Age at Death 11 ± 2.5 15 ± 2.5
Death Position
SNPs
Read Pairs
Sample
Source [64]
Notes World’s earliest evidence of footwear and wine making

Nomenclature

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
L-M20 28 VIII 1U 27 Eu17 H5 F L* L L L - - - - - - -
L-M27 28 VIII 1U 27 Eu17 H5 F L1 L1 L1 L1 - - - - - - -
The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008.[citation needed] Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.[65]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)
Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ see Basu 2003, Cordaux 2004, Sengupta 2006, and Thamseem 2006.
  2. ^ 12/222 Shlush et al. 2008
  3. ^ 1/25 Shlush et al. 2008
  4. ^ In Hammer 2005, see the Supplementary Material.
  5. ^ FTDNA lab results, May 2011

References

  1. ^ Learn about Y-chromosome Haplogroup L Genebase Tutorials
  2. ^ Yfull Tree L Haplogroup YTree v8.09.00 (08 October 2020)
  3. ^ a b Mahal 2018.
  4. ^ Lacau, Harlette; Gayden, Tenzin; Regueiro, Maria; Chennakrishnaiah, Shilpa; Bukhari, Areej; Underhill, Peter A; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph L; Herrera, Rene J (18 April 2012). "Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (10): 1063–1070. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.59. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 3449065. PMID 22510847.
  5. ^ a b c d Sengupta 2006.
  6. ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2015, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 (30 May 2015).
  7. ^ a b Chiaroni, J.; Underhill, P. A.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (48): 20174–49. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620174C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. JSTOR 25593348. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
  8. ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2015 Y-DNA Haplogroup K and its Subclades – 2015 (5 April 2015).
  9. ^ a b c Wells, Spencer (20 November 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic Books. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. This part of the M9 Eurasian clan migrated south once they reached the rugged and mountainous Pamir Knot region. The man who gave rise to marker M20 was possibly born in India or the Middle East. His ancestors arrived in India around 30,000 years ago and represent the earliest significant settlement of India.
  10. ^ a b Wells, Spencer (28 March 2017). The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Princeton University Press. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-0-691-17601-7.
  11. ^ Qamar, Raheel; Ayub, Qasim; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Helgason, Agnar; Mazhar, Kehkashan; Mansoor, Atika; Zerjal, Tatiana; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Mehdi, S. Qasim (2002). "Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1107–1124. doi:10.1086/339929. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 447589. PMID 11898125.
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Sources

Web-sources

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Sources for conversion tables

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External links

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