Detailed representation of the presence of Haplogroup T in Europe and surrounding areas.
T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare. T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant primary branch of T-M184 – appears to have originated in Western Asia, and possibly spread from there into East Africa, South Asia, Europe and adjoining regions. T1* may have expanded with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB).
Subclades of T-M70 appear to have been present in Europe since the Neolithic with Neolithic Farmers from Western Asia. The moderately high frequency (∼18%) of T1b* chromosomes in the Lemba of southern Africa supports the hypothesis of a West Asian origin for their paternal line.[5]
As a primary branch of haplogroup LT (a.k.a. K1), the basal, undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L* (a.k.a. K1a). (Before 2008, haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2.[5] The name K2 has since been reassigned to a primary subclade of haplogroup K.) It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110). Most males who now belong to haplogroup T1* carry the subclade T-M70 (T1a), a primary branch of T-M206.
The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T-M184 is 100%, amongst Dir clan Somaliland males (Iacovacci et al. 2016).[8] It accounts for approximately 82.4% of Somali male lineages overall in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia (Plaster et al. 2011).[10] Geographically, it is found at the highest levels in the Dire Dawa area of Ethiopia,[10] and Djibouti.[8]
Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of T on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Turkish haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 BP and 9,000 BP, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 BP). According to the authors, haplogroup T-M184 within Africa represents the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the E-M215, E-V38, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.[11]
Prevalence of T-M184 in Armenians from Sasun
T-M184, which is relatively rare in other Near Eastern populations, as well as in three ... Armenian collections tested here, represents the most prominent [patrilineal] descent in Sasun, comprising 20.1% of the samples. The presence of this haplogroup in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van, by contrast, is more limited, composing only 3.6%, 6.3% and 3.9%, respectively, of the individuals from those collections.[...] Sasun, however, exhibits statistically significant divergence from the remaining Armenian populations, most likely as the result of the prominence in Sasun of lineages (T-M184 and R2a-M124) found at substantially lower frequencies in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van.
Kristian J Herrera, 2012
In the Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4% of the population in southeast and northwest Caucasus as well as in southeast and western Anatolia, peaking up to 20% in Armenians from Sasun. In Middle East it makes up to 4% of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin, peaking up to 10% in Zoroastrians from Kerman, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians from Azerbaijan, Abudhabians, Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee. In Eastern Africa, it makes up to 4% of the population on Upper Egypt peaking up to 10% in Luxor.
Haplogroup T is uncommon in Europe, except in Southern Europe and adjoining areas. According to Mendez et al. (2011), "the occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow".[5] It makes up to 4% of the population on Central Italy, Western Sicily, Northwest Corsica, Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Western Andalucia, Western Alps, Eastern Crete, and Macedonia, frequencies up to 10% in Ibiza, Miranda de I Douro, Eastern Oviedo, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma and Ragusa, and peaking at 20% in Sciacca, L'Aquila and some German southern regions. T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.[12] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.
T1 is the most common descent of T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all Eurasian T-M184 members. One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali clans. However, it appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Israel to the Jordan Valley.[15]
The basal T1* subclade appears to have spread to northeastern Anatolia, from the Levant at least, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Although it is rare in modern populations, T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia.[5][13][14]
Initial research into T1a (T-M70; previously known as K2)
K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])
Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylon. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.[5]
The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither shows a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations like do the Mallorcan and Menorcan.
With the comparison of the data provided by the Pityusic population with other circumediterranean populations surprises that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with the North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: for some markers shows affinities with Oriental populations (some mtDNA variables), but diverges from these populations when considering other markers. It is a separate case, an island, not in the geographical sense but genetical.
Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004
The Pityusans of the Pityusic Islands (Ibiza and Formentera) – have been found by three different studies to possess T1a1 at relatively high levels of 6.7–16.7%. Tomàs et al. (2006) found three cases amongst a sample of 45 (6.7%).[16] Zalloua et al. (2008) found nine examples that were L454+ (an SNP equivalent to L162/Page21) from a sample of 54 (i.e. a rate of 16.7%).[17][18] Rodriguez et al. (2009) found seven cases of L454+ in a sample of 96 (7.3%).[19]
The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1. In 2009, a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T-L162(xL208) – according to the Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco.[citation needed] Greeks from the Fatsa (originally "Φάτσα") reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope, which was itself colonised by Ionians (from Miletus). Another ancient Ionian colony in north-west Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands (see above) – Lámpsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa.
T1a1a (L208)
This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. IS RELALTED TO VIKING AND INDOEUROPEANS "L208" at November 2009.
T1a1a1a1b1a1* (T-Y3782*)
One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 (a nominal rate of 0.53%) – a resident of the Province of Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) – has been found to have T-Y3782(xY3836), also known T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a).[20]
T1a1a1a1b1a1a (T-Y3836)
T-Y3836 Phylogeny. Using 19 Y-STR markers.
This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where the subclade also has its highest diversity. Two subclades can be clearly discriminated. The first, found mainly in post-colonial Puerto Rico, with DYS391=10 and the second, found mainly in Panamá where their Iberian descendants could have the entrance point to America, with DYS439=12.
Some members of Y3836 are found among different communities of the Sephardic diaspora but they are found to be extremely rare in the total percentage of some of these communities as seen in Nogueiro et al. This probably could mean that these members could be integrated by these communities through the contact with other native Iberian populations as seen in Monteiro et al. where this lineage was found among native Astur-Leonese speakers.
This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.
A 2014 study found T-PH110 in one ethnic Bhutanese male, out of a sample of 21, possibly implying a rate of 4.8% in Bhutan.[39] Also have been found in a German individual and another two from Caucasus. The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016)
T have been found to be the second largest lineage in the Mirandês speaking population of Miranda do Douro too. Haplogroup T was not found in a sample of Belmonte Jews.
Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been radiocarbon-dated to around 3,000 BCE, have been found to belong to haplogroup T-M184.[177]
The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians.
The Antalaotra are in charge of the magical and religious domains; they have the ability to read and write Sorabe. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
K* is found at 6/19, if M70- but M184+, then could be 84.2%. Bauris are thought to be descendants of a native tribe of the Central Highlands before the Aryan invasion, then as Bauris have not been well assimilated and have not participated satisfactorily in the new Aryan society, the Bauris ended up being seen as "low caste". They are at "halfway" between the old Bauri tribal and the new Aryan society lifestyle.
Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 56.82%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 24.09%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 12.51%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 4.16%, Sub Saharan: 2.04%, East European Hunter: 0.37%
Evidence of a northerly origin for this population, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia.
Haplogroup T is found among the later middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) inhabitants from the 'Ain Ghazal archaeological site (in modern Jordan). It was not found among the early and middle PPNB populations. It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north, i.e. north-eastern Anatolia. However, Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage – which is found among 60% of the whole PPNB population and 75% of the 'Ain Ghazal population, being present in all three middle PPNB stages.
Later middle PPNB populations in the Southern Levant were already witnessing severe changes in climate that would have been exacerbated by large population demands on local resources. Beginning at 8.9 cal ka BP we see a significant decrease in population in highland Jordan, ultimately leading to the complete abandonment of almost all central settlements in this region.[286]
The 9th millennium Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period in the Levant represents a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.
'Ain Ghazal (" Spring of the Gazelles") is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Wadi Zarqa, the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.
Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentiful within the site's immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of 'Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.
The Ain Ghazal settlement first appear in the middle PPNB, which is split into two phases. Phase 1 starts 10300 yBP and ends 9950 yBP, phase 2 ends 9550 yBP.
The estimated population of the middle PPNB site from ‘Ain Ghazal is of 259-1,349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the middle PPNB ‘Ain Ghazal was likely 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the middle PPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.
A 2018 study[2] conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Persian and Zagros[287] area ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation,” the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.".[288] The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains MTDNA blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region".[288]
We find that the individuals buried in Peqi’in Cave represent a
relatively genetically homogenous population. This homogeneity
is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the
fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to
the Y-chromosome Haplogroup T (Y-DNA), a
lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East. This
finding contrasts with both earlier (Neolithic and Epipaleolithic)
Levantine populations, which were dominated by Haplogroup E (Y-DNA),
and later Bronze Age individuals, all of whom belonged to Haplogroup J (Y-DNA).[2]
Ancient city of Ebla
In the ancient city of Ebla in Syria in the Bronze Age, one individual was found belonging to haplogroup T-L162 (T1a1).[289][290]
Alalakh Amorite city-state
One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014-1781 BC, belonged to haplogroup T-CTS11451 (T1a1a).[291][289][290]
Notable haplogroup members
Elite endurance runners
Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[292]
According to further studies,[5] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[293]
The house belongs to the Utah tribe, which is part of the larger Anizah tribal confederation, that migrated from Central Arabia to Kuwait and then ruled all of Qatar. In 1999, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain and proclaimed himself the King of Bahrain in 2002.
The T-FT364053 haplogroup of the house was determined by DNA testing of descendants in the T-Arab Y DNA Haplogroup Project on Family Tree DNA and other Arab world projects.
A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson (most distant known ancestor "MDKA" is Samuel Jefferson, Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree, Suffolk, England). The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years.
Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare, as it is less than <1% throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the likelihood that his immediate paternal ancestry was British.
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)
(α)
(β)
(γ)
(δ)
(ε)
(ζ)
(η)
YCC 2002 (Longhand)
YCC 2005 (Longhand)
YCC 2008 (Longhand)
YCC 2010r (Longhand)
ISOGG 2006
ISOGG 2007
ISOGG 2008
ISOGG 2009
ISOGG 2010
ISOGG 2011
ISOGG 2012
ISOGG 2013
T-M184
26
VIII
1U
25
Eu16
H5
F
K*
K
T
T
K2
K2
T
T
T
T
T
T
K-M70/T-M70
26
VIII
1U
25
Eu15
H5
F
K2
K2
T
T1
K2
K2
T
T
T
T1
T1a
T1a
T-P77
26
VIII
1U
25
Eu15
H5
F
K2
K2
T2
T1a2
K2
K2
T2
T2
T2a1
T1a1b
T1a1a1
T1a1a1
Original research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID24166809. S2CID23291764.
^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
^Other SNPs – M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, and L445 – are considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to M184.
^ abcdefghijklMendez FL, Karafet TM, Krahn T, Ostrer H, Soodyall H, Hammer MF (2011). "Increased resolution of Y chromosome haplogroup T defines relationships among populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa". Human Biology. 83 (1): 39–53. doi:10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID21453003. S2CID207611348.
^Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook, 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somaliland."
^ abcdefghiGiuseppe Iacovacci et al., "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries," ^Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2016
^ abFrigi S, Pereira F, Pereira L, Yacoubi B, Gusmão L, Alves C, Khodjet el Khil H, Cherni L, Amorim A, El Gaaied A (2006). "Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs (AmpFLSTR Yfiler) in two Tunisian Berber communities". Forensic Science International. 160 (1): 80–3. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.007. PMID16005592.
^ abJakovski Z, Nikolova K, Jankova-Ajanovska R, Marjanovic D, Pojskic N, Janeska B (2011). "Genetic data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 5 (4): e108–11. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.005. PMID21549657.
^Tomàs C, Jiménez G, Picornell A, Castro JA, Ramon MM (2006). "Differential maternal and paternal contributions to the genetic pool of Ibiza Island, Balearic Archipelago". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 129 (2): 268–78. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20273. PMID16323196.
^ abcdRodríguez V, Tomàs C, Sánchez JJ, Castro JA, Ramon MM, Barbaro A, Morling N, Picornell A (2009). "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 123 (2): 137–41. doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0302-y. PMID19066931. S2CID20576072.
^ abcdefToscanini U, Vullo C, Berardi G, Llull C, Borosky A, Gómez A, Pardo-Seco J, Salas A (2016). "A comprehensive Y-STR portrait of Argentinean populations". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 20: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.09.002. PMID26433179.
^Vilar MG, Melendez C, Sanders AB, Walia A, Gaieski JB, Owings AC, Schurr TG (2014). "Genetic diversity in Puerto Rico and its implications for the peopling of the Island and the West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 155 (3): 352–68. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22569. PMID25043798. S2CID205334949.
^ abcdeMonteiro, Sofia Lucília Monteiro Marques (2012). Leonese dialects in Portugal: linguistic-genetic relationships through Y chromosome analysis (PhD Thesis). Universidade do Porto. hdl:10216/65272.
^ abSeiberling, Susann (2005). Allelverteilung Y-chromosomaler Short Tandem Repeats in Vorpommern (PhD Thesis). Greifswald Universitätsbibliothek. OCLC846027643.
^González-Andrade F, Roewer L, Willuweit S, Sánchez D, Martínez-Jarreta B (2009). "Y-STR variation among ethnic groups from Ecuador: Mestizos, Kichwas, Afro-Ecuadorians and Waoranis". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 3 (3): e83–91. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.08.003. PMID19414158.
^ abcBorjas L, Bernal LP, Chiurillo MA, Tovar F, Zabala W, Lander N, Ramírez JL (2008). "Usefulness of 12 Y-STRs for forensic genetics evaluation in two populations from Venezuela". Legal Medicine. 10 (2): 107–12. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.08.005. PMID17981491.
^Alvarez M, Marrero C, Dictamen A, Figuera M, Marrero M, Borjas L, Ferreira R (2009). "Y-chromosome haplotype database in Venezuelan central region and its comparison with other Venezuelan populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 2 (1): 407–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.100.
^ abBaeza C, Guzmán R, Tirado M, López-Parra AM, Rodríguez T, Mesa MS, Fernández E, Arroyo-Pardo E (2007). "Population data for 15 Y-chromosome STRs in a population sample from Quito (Ecuador)". Forensic Science International. 173 (2–3): 214–9. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.09.011. PMID17320323.
^Builes JJ, Bravo ML, Gómez C, Espinal C, Aguirre D, Gómez A, Rodríguez J, Castañeda P, Montoya A, Moreno M, Amorim A, Gusmão L (2006). "Y-chromosome STRs in an Antioquian (Colombia) population sample". Forensic Science International. 164 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.005. PMID16289613.
^ abcAmbrosio B, Novelletto A, Hernandez C, Dugoujon JM, Fortes-Lima C, Rodriguez JN, Calderon R (2012). "Y-STR genetic diversity in autochthonous Andalusians from Huelva and Granada provinces (Spain)". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 6 (2): e66–71. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.007. PMID21664894.
^Gené M, Borrego N, Xifró A, Piqué E, Moreno P, Huguet E (1999). "Haplotype frequencies of eight Y-chromosome STR loci in Barcelona (North-East Spain)". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 112 (6): 403–5. doi:10.1007/s004140050025. PMID10550606. S2CID29850287.
^ abSchwengber SP, Kommers T, Matte CH, Raimann PE, Carvalho BA, Leite FP, Medeiros MA, Souza LF, Castro CS, Chassot FG, Bonatto SL (2009). "Population data of 17 Y-STR loci from Rio Grande do Sul state (South Brazil)". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 4 (1): e31–3. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.02.001. PMID19948319.
^ abKhar'kov VN, Stepanov VA, Medvedeva OF, Spiridonova MG, Voevoda MI, Tadinova VN, Puzyrev VP (2007). "[Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups]". Genetika (in Russian). 43 (5): 675–87. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. PMID17633562. S2CID566825.
^ abcLópez-Parra AM, Gusmão L, Tavares L, Baeza C, Amorim A, Mesa MS, Prata MJ, Arroyo-Pardo E (2009). "In search of the pre- and post-neolithic genetic substrates in Iberia: evidence from Y-chromosome in Pyrenean populations". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (1): 42–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00478.x. PMID18803634. S2CID43273988.
^Taylor DA, Henry JM (2012). "Haplotype data for 16 Y-chromosome STR loci in Aboriginal and Caucasian populations in South Australia". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 6 (6): e187–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.05.005. PMID22673611.
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