The Harley-Davidson Model W, also known as the Sport Twin, is a motorcycle made by Harley-Davidson from 1919 to 1923. Unusually for a Harley-Davidson motorcycle, the Model W had a flat-twin engine and a trailing link fork. The Model W set speed records on runs from New York City to Chicago and from the Canada–United States border to the Mexico–United States border. Slow home market sales led to the end of production after four years.
Design
W. S. Harley's patented compression release system.[4] Note the screw caps in the cylinder heads giving access to the valves.1922 Harley-Davidson WJ
Harley-Davidson's intention in introducing a new middleweight model was to increase the size of the motorcycle market by appealing to new riders with an entry-level product.[5] The design imitated the British Douglas motorcycle flat-twin with cylinders in line with the frame,[1][3][5] and offered several features that were meant to bring new motorcyclists into the market, including a smoother running engine than a typical Harley-Davidson V-twin, a lower center of gravity for easier handling, and a design that kept the rider and the motorcycle cleaner from oil and the dirt that oil attracted.[5] It was cleaner because there were fewer oil compartments, due to the transmission and clutch being integrated with the engine crankcase, providing fewer ways for the oil to leak.[2][5][6] In addition, an optional drive chain enclosure could keep chain lubricant off the motorcycle and the rider's clothing.[1][2][5][6]
Drivetrain
The engine components were designed for ease of access and maintenance.[1][2] The valve guides and valves could be removed without removing the engine from the motorcycle.[2] The cylinder heads were integral with the engine.[2] The intake and exhaust manifolds were cast as one piece such that the exhaust would heat the fuel mixture to improve fuel atomization.[1][2][6] The engine had a large external flywheel on the left side[1][2] similar to that on the horizontal single-cylinder Moto Guzzi.[1]
The Model W engine was Harley-Davidson's first flathead engine,[7] and its transmission was the first in a Harley-Davidson motorcycle to be housed in the engine cases.[6][8] The transmission included helical gear drive, a wet clutch, and a three-speed gearbox.[8] The engine was a stressed member of the frame.[9][10]
The Model W initially used a magneto-powered ignition system, but a battery and coil system became available with the Model WJ in 1921. The Model WF continued with magneto ignition.[2] Electric lighting became available on the Model W in 1920.[2][11]
Accessories and trim
The Model W had a standard luggage carrier on the rear fender.[1][2] In 1921, the tank logos were changed to be similar to those on Harley-Davidson's larger V-twin motorcycles.[2][11]
Endurance records
In July 1919, the Model W became the first motor vehicle of any kind to climb Mount San Antonio, near Mount Baldy, California.[2][5][6] A contractor rode a Model W 1,200 miles through Death Valley surveying sites for hotels and rail lines, without problems with the motorcycle.[6] Hap Scherer, a publicity manager for Harley-Davidson,[6] set record times on endurance runs from British Columbia to Tijuana and from New York to Chicago.[2]
Demise
Beam-framed motorcycle with Model W drivetrain, patented by W. S. Harley and A. Ziska Jr.[12]
The Model W never sold well in the United States,[2][3][6] and the expected crowd of new riders taking up motorcycling on Sport Twins did not appear.[5] In 1920, a year after the introduction of the Model W, Indian began offering their Scout, which was similar in size, faster, and much more popular.[5][8] The Model W cost more than a used Ford Model T and about nine-tenths the cost of Harley-Davidson's one litre V-Twin motorcycle, making it attractive neither as basic transportation nor as a sporting vehicle.[8] Although the Model W sold well in Europe,[2] Harley-Davidson discontinued it in 1923 in favor of promoting their single-cylinder models there.[13]
^ abcdefghijkLewis, Mike (May 2003). "H-D Milestones Pre-War". Classic Bikers Club Network. Horncastle, Lincolnshire, UK: Mortons Media Group. 1919: lightweight sports – Model W. Retrieved 2012-07-16. Inspired by the Douglas design, the fore-and-aft Model WJ Sport Twin was a bold stab at the post-war sporting and recreation role for the motorcycle (the Model WA, painted in identical olive green, was its military counterpart).
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabRafferty, Tod (1997-03-23). "Chapter One – The Beginning". Complete Harley-Davidson: A Model-By-Model History of the American Motorcycle. Osceola, WI USA: MBI Publishing. pp. 32–33. ISBN0-7603-0326-6. The horizontally opposed Sport Twin engine was unlike any Harley-Davidson before or since.
^ abc"1922 Harley-Davidson Sport Twin". American Motorcyclist Association. 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2012-07-15. But in the U.S., it was a different story. The machine languished in the Harley line through 1923, then was dropped.
^ abcdefghLeffingwell, Randy (2003-12-01). "Chapter 3: A Detour". Harley-Davidson History & Mystique (revised ed.). Crestline Imprints. pp. 29–33. ISBN0-7603-1541-8. The intake and exhaust manifold were cast as one piece to preheat the fuel-air mixture, but preheating didn't atomize the gas as well as hoped.
^ abcdHatfield, Jerry (2002-09-01). "The Flathead Era". In Darwin Holmstrom (ed.). The Harley-Davidson Century. St. Paul, MN USA: MotorBooks International. pp. 47–65. ISBN0-7603-1155-2. Retrieved 2012-12-26. Used Model T Fords could be bought for less, so the Sport couldn't compete as basic transportation. At $485, the 1,000-cc (61-cubic inches) Harley-Davidson V-twin cost only nine per-cent more than the 584-cc Sport, so the middleweight couldn't compete with the bigger Harleys for the sporting business.
^ abRafferty, Tod (2001-12-01). "Model W Sport Twin 1919". Illustrated Directory of Harley-Davidson Motorcycles. MotorBooks International. pp. 64–67. ISBN0-7603-1126-9. The sporty twin also incorporated a fork unlike other Harley models. The trailing lower links connected by rods to upper links acting on a central spring.
^ abMitchel, Doug (1997). "The Early Years (1903-1928)". Harley-Davidson Chronicle. Lincolnwood, IL USA: Publications International. pp. 48–49. ISBN0-7853-2514-X. Sport models gained electric lighting for 1920, while 1921 brought revised tank trim that more closely resembled that of the Big Twins
^Rafferty, Tod (1997-03-23). "Chapter One – The Beginning". Complete Harley-Davidson: A Model-By-Model History of the American Motorcycle. Osceola, WI USA: MBI Publishing. p. 38. ISBN0-7603-0326-6. But the opposed twin was relatively expensive to build, and the Europeans had embraced single-cylinder motorcycles as the sensible combination of sport and economy. So Milwaukee returned to singles.
^Tenn Wonders (2005), The Art of the Motorcycle, Memphis: Wonders, p. 213, ISBN0-89207-324-1 Museum catalog based on an abridged version of The Art of the Motorcycle (1998)((citation)): CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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