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((Short description|American music critic and author (1915–2003)))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2021))
[[File:Harold C. Schonberg.jpg|thumb|Schonberg, date unknown]]

'''Harold Charles Schonberg''' (29 November 1915 – 26 July 2003) was an American [[music critic]] and author. He is best known for his contributions in ''[[The New York Times]]'', where he was [[List of chief music critics|chief music critic]] from 1960 to 1980. In 1971, he became the first music critic to win the [[Pulitzer Prize for Criticism]]. An influential critic,((sfn|Smith|2005|loc=§ para. 1)) he is particularly well known for his encouragement of [[Romantic music|Romantic]] piano music and criticism of conductor [[Leonard Bernstein]].((sfn|Helgert|2013|loc="5. Since 1960")) He also wrote a number of books on music, and one on [[chess]].
((TOC limit|3))

==Life and career==
===Early life===
Harold Charles Schonberg was born in [[Washington Heights, Manhattan]] in New York City, New York on 29 November 1915.((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 19)) His parents were David and Minnie (Kirsch) Schonberg,((sfn|Brennan|Clarage|1999|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=63nvmt4HqTEC&pg=PA81 81])) and he had a brother (Stanley) and a sister (Edith).<ref>((cite news |date=27 July 2003 |title=Paid Notice: Deaths Schonberg, Harold C. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/classified/paid-notice-deaths-schonberg-harold-c.html |access-date=2 September 2022 ))</ref> His aunt, [[Alice Frisca]] was an early influence and his first music teacher; she was a former concert pianist, and had studied with [[Leopold Godowsky]].((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 19)) He started piano lessons with Frisca at four years old, and "discovered early on that he had a superb musical memory that allowed him to remember pieces in great detail after a single hearing".((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 19)) Schonberg himself cited the first performance he saw at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] around age 12 as particularly formative to his musical upbringing.((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 20)) A performance of Richard Wagner's ''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]'' with the conductor [[Artur Bodanzky]], he would later write on the experience 39 years later, reflecting on the opera's opening chord that it "rose to the dress circle, and he felt as though he could reach out, touch it, caress it. He had been to concerts before, but somehow, in this vast dark auditorium, there was a different feeling to the texture and even the organization of this chord. It sounded warm and cozy. It covered him like a blanket."((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ paras. 20–22))((refn|Schonberg wrote his account of the 1927 performance in third person. The music journalist [[Allan Kozinn]] described his avoidance of first person as a characteristic of his style.((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 20))|group=n)) In his recounting of the event, Schonberg claimed the experience as having inaugurated his desire to be a music critic.((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 23)) 

Schonberg received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] at [[Brooklyn College]] (1937),((sfn|Smith|2005|loc=§ para. 1)) during which he published his first music criticism in the ''Musical Advance'' journal.((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 23)) He then studied as a graduate student at [[New York University]], receiving a [[Master of Arts]] in 1938 while studying under the composer [[Marion Bauer]].((sfn|Smith|2005|loc=§ para. 1))((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 23)) His dissertation concerned [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] songbooks, which he studied in both musical and literary contexts.((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 23)) In his early life, Schonberg was also interested in the visual arts, studying drawing at the [[Art Students League of New York]] and sometimes illustrating his music criticism with [[caricature]]s of the musicians they featured.((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 23)) In 1939, Schonberg received his first post as a music critic: he was associate editor and critic at the ''[[American Music Lover]]''.((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 23))((refn|The ''[[American Music Lover]]'' later became the ''[[American Record Guide]]'', the name which it is better known by.((sfn|Kozinn|2003|loc=§ para. 23))|group=n))

During World War II, Schonberg was a first lieutenant in the [[United States Army]] Airborne Signal Corps. He had hoped to enlist as a pilot, but was declared pastel-blind (he could distinguish colors but not shadings and subtleties) and was sent to London, where he was a code breaker and later a parachutist. He broke his leg on a training jump before D-Day and could not participate in the [[Normandy landings]]; every member of his platoon who jumped into France was ultimately killed. He remained in the Army until 1946.

===At ''The New York Times''===
Schonberg joined ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1950. He rose to the post of senior music critic for the ''Times'' a decade later. In this capacity he published daily reviews and longer features on [[opera]]s and [[European classical music|classical music]] on Sundays. He also worked effectively behind the scenes to increase music coverage in the ''Times'' and develop its first-rate music staff. Upon his retirement as senior music critic in 1980, he became cultural correspondent for the ''Times''.

Schonberg also wrote articles for ''[[Harper's]]'' and ''[[High Fidelity (magazine)|High Fidelity]]'' magazine, among others.

Schonberg was an extremely influential music writer. Aside from his contributions to [[music journalism]], he published 13 books, most of them on music, including ''The Great Pianists: From Mozart to the Present'' (1963, revised 1987)—pianists were a specialty of Schonberg—and ''The Lives of the Great Composers'' (1970; revised 1981, 1997) which traced the lives of major composers from [[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]] through to modern times. Schonberg wrote a biography of [[Vladimir Horowitz]], one of the most famous pianists of the 20th century, entitled ''Horowitz: His Life and Music'' (1992).

====Criticisms of Bernstein====
Schonberg was highly critical of [[Leonard Bernstein]] during the composer-conductor's eleven-year tenure (1958–69) as principal conductor of the [[New York Philharmonic]]. He accused Bernstein of showing off by using exaggerated gestures on the podium and of conducting a piece in a way that made its structure overly obvious to audiences (e.g., slowing down during the transition from one main theme to another).<ref>((Cite book|title=The great conductors|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|publisher=Gollancz|year=1977|isbn=9780575000292|location=London))</ref>

One of Schonberg's best remembered criticisms of Bernstein was written after [[New York Philharmonic concert of April 6, 1962|the famous 6 April 1962, performance]] before which Bernstein announced that he disagreed with pianist [[Glenn Gould]]'s interpretation of [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]' [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)|Piano Concerto No. 1]] but was going to conduct it anyway because he found it fascinating. Schonberg chided Bernstein in print, suggesting that he should have either refrained from publicizing his disagreement, backed out of the concert, or imposed his own will on Gould; Schonberg called Bernstein "the Peter Pan of music".<ref>((Cite book|title=Facing the music|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|publisher=Summit Books|year=1981|location=New York))</ref>

After Bernstein's regular tenure at the New York Philharmonic ended, however, Schonberg seemed to mellow in his attitude toward him and actually began to praise his conducting, stating in his book ''The Glorious Ones'' that "with age, came less of a need to prove something", and that "there were moments of glory in his conceptions."

===Later life and death===
((More citations needed section|date=November 2021))
In 1984, Schonberg taught music criticism at [[McMaster University]] in Hamilton, Canada.

In 1987, it was announced that Schonberg was assisting [[Vladimir Horowitz]] in the preparation of the pianist's memoirs. Although the project was never completed, Schonberg's biography of Horowitz was published in 1992. Also in 1987, he served on the jury of the [[Paloma O'Shea International Piano Competition|Paloma O'Shea Santander International Piano Competition]].<ref>[http://www.concursodepianodesantander.com/C_Concursos_Premiados.aspx Paloma O’Shea Santander International Piano Competition “Winners, members of the jury and artistic guests”]</ref>

Schonberg died in New York City on 26 July 2003, at the age of 87, of an unspecified cause.((sfn|''LA Times''|loc=§ para. 1)) In his obituary notice in ''The New York Times'' the next day, [[Allan Kozinn]] wrote that Schonberg "set the standard for critical evaluation and journalistic thoroughness."((sfn|Kozinn|2003)) The [[University of Maryland Libraries]] have a Harold C. Schonberg collection in their International Piano Archives at Maryland; it contains a substantial collection of correspondences between Schonberg and fellow critics, musicians and readers.<ref>((cite web |title=Harold C. Schonberg |publisher=[[University of Maryland Libraries]] |url=https://www.lib.umd.edu/ipam/collections/harold-c-schonberg |access-date=28 November 2021 ))</ref>

==Other interests==
A devoted and skilled [[chess]] player, Schonberg covered the 1972 [[World Chess Championship 1972|championship match between Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer]] held in Reykjavík, Iceland. One of Schonberg's books not on music was ''Grandmasters of Chess''. He also reviewed mysteries and thrillers for ''The New York Times'' under the pseudonym '''Newgate Callender''' from 1972 to 1995.((sfn|Kozinn|2003))

Schonberg was an avid [[golfer]], though a poor one by his own estimation. He co-authored the book ''How To Play Double Bogey Golf'' (1975) along with [[Hollis Alpert]], founder of the [[National Society of Film Critics]], and fellow author Ira Mothner. Schonberg, Mothner and Alpert frequently played golf together, according to the book.

==Selected publications==
===Books===
Source:((sfn|Smith|2005|loc=§ "Writings"))((sfn|Brennan|Clarage|1999|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=63nvmt4HqTEC&pg=PA82 82]))
* ((Cite book|title=Chamber and Solo Instrument Music|last=Schonberg|first=Harold C.|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1955|series=Guide to Long-Playing Records|location=New York|ref=no))
* ((Cite book|title=The Collector's Chopin and Schumann|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|author-mask=2|date=1959|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|series=Keystone Books in Music|ref=no))
* ((Cite book|title=The Great Pianists|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|author-mask=2|date=1956|publisher=Victor Gollancz|location=London|ref=no))
** ((Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/greatpianists000scho|title=The Great Pianists|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|author-mask=2|date=1987|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9780671638375|edition=Rev. and updated|location=New York|oclc=15196909 |ref=no ))
* ((Cite book|title=Grandmasters of Chess|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|author-mask=2|date=1972|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|location=Philadelphia and New York|isbn=9784871875677|oclc=951569212 |ref=no ))
* ((Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/facingmusic00scho_qru|title=The Great Conductors|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|author-mask=2|date=1981|publisher=Summit Books|isbn=9780671254063|location=New York|oclc=614438015 |ref=no ))
* ((Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/facingmusic00scho_qru|title=Facing the Music|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|author-mask=2|date=1981|publisher=Summit Books|isbn=9780671254063|location=New York|oclc=7204970|ol=4255142M |ref=no ))
* ((Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/livesofgreatcomp00scho_1|title=The Lives of the Great Composers|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|author-mask=2|isbn=9780393038576|edition=Third|date=1997|location=New York|oclc=34356892|ol=3259514W |ref=no ))
* ((Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/gloriousonesclas00scho|title=The Glorious Ones: Classical Music's Legendary Performers|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|author-mask=2|isbn=9780812911893|date=1985|location=New York|oclc=11598959|ol=3259509W |ref=no ))
* ((Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/horowitzhislifem00scho|title=Horowitz: his life and music|last=Schonberg|first=Harold|author-mask=2|date=1992|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9780671712198|location=New York|oclc=26130513|url-access=registration |ref=no ))

==References==
===Notes===
((Reflist|group=n))

===Citations===
((reflist))

===Sources===
* ((cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=Elizabeth A. |last2=Clarage |first2=Elizabeth C. |year=1999 |title=Who's who of Pulitzer Prize Winners |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location=Westport |isbn=978-1-57356-111-2 |url=((google books|plainurl=y|id=63nvmt4HqTEC)) ))
* ((cite encyclopedia |last=Helgert |first=Lars |year=2013 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Criticism |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2256247 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002256247 )) ((Grove Music subscription))
* ((cite news |last=Kozinn |first=Allan |author-link=Allan Kozinn |date=27 July 2003 |title=Harold C. Schonberg, 87, Dies; Won Pulitzer Prize as Music Critic for The Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/nyregion/harold-c-schonberg-87-dies-won-pulitzer-prize-as-music-critic-for-the-times.html |access-date=20 May 2021 ))
* ((cite encyclopedia |last=Smith |first=Patrick J. |year=2005 |orig-year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Schonberg, Harold C(harles) |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25041 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000025041 )) ((Grove Music subscription))
* ((cite news |author=LA Times Staff |date=28 July 2003 |title=Harold Schonberg, 87; Chief Music Critic for the New York Times |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jul-28-me-passings28.2-story.html |url-access=subscription |ref=((sfnRef|''LA Times''))))

==Further reading==
((Refbegin))
* ((cite web |last=Eatock |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Eatock |date=29 November 2015 |title=Remembering Harold C. Schonberg |website=colineatock.com |url=https://www.colineatock.com/eatock-daily-blog/remembering-harold-c-schonberg ))<!--Colin Eatock is a subject matter expert, so the source being from a blog is no issue-->
* ((cite journal |last=Gates |first=Eugene |date=September 1988 |title=Harold C. Schonberg: Critic and Educator |journal=[[Music Educators Journal]] |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=32–35 |jstor=3398043 |doi=10.2307/3398043 |s2cid=143717936 ))
* ((cite thesis |last=Berk |first=Ellyn |year=1978 |title=An Analysis and Comparison of the Aesthetics and Philosophy of Selected Music Critics in New York: 1940–1975 |type=PHD |publisher=[[New York University]] |oclc=53779819 ))
* ((cite book |year=1985 |title=Contemporary Authors |volume=112 |publisher=[[Gale Research Company]] |location=Detroit ))
* ((cite news |last=Lipman |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel Lipman |date=May 1980 |title=Harold Schonberg & His Times |work=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |url=https://www.commentary.org/articles/samuel-lipman/harold-schonberg-his-times/ ))
* ((cite encyclopedia |last=Rothstein |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Rothstein |year=2013 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Criticism: III. Since 1945 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40589 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040589 )) ((Grove Music subscription))
* ((cite news |author=Variety Staff |date=31 July 2003 |title=Harold Schonberg |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2003/scene/people-news/harold-schonberg-1117890178/ ))
((refend))

==External links==
((Library resources box |about=no |by=yes ))
* [https://www.nytimes.com/search?query=Harold+C.+Schonberg Articles] by and about Harold C. Schonberg in the ''NY Times''

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