Harold Edward "Hal" Puthoff (born June 20, 1936) is an American parapsychologist and electrical engineer.[2] In the 2010s, he co-founded the UFO-dedicated company To the Stars with Tom DeLonge.
He took an interest in the Church of Scientology in the late 1960s and reached what was then the top OT VII level by 1971.[5] Puthoff wrote up his "wins" for a Scientology publication, claiming to have achieved "remote viewing" abilities.[6] In 1974, Puthoff also wrote a piece for Scientology's Celebrity magazine, stating that Scientology had given him "a feeling of absolute fearlessness".[7] Puthoff severed all connection with Scientology in the late 1970s.[8]
Business ventures
In 1985, Puthoff founded a for-profit company, EarthTech International in Austin, Texas. At about the same time, he founded an organization, Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin (IASA), which he directed.[9] IASA, funded by anonymous donors, pursues ideas Puthoff finds interesting related to energy generation and propulsion.
Puthoff and EarthTech were granted a US Patent[10] in 1998, with claims that information could be transmitted through a distance using a modulated potential with no electric or magnetic field components. While "the invention does appear to rest on solid, albeit somewhat obscure, physics principles", the case is used for educational purposes in patent law where "the examiner failed to make a prima facie case for inoperability or lack of enablement".[11] According to the Wisconsin Law School case study, "The lesson of the Puthoff patent is that in a world where both types of patents are more and more common, even a competent examiner may fail to distinguish innovation from pseudoscience."
Zero-point energy
Puthoff has also researched zero-point energy. Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. The book The Quantum Vacuum by Peter W. Milonni explains that the quantum field theory fields have zero-point energy.[12] In his 1987 paper, Puthoff showed that the ground state of the hydrogen atom can be determined by a dynamic equilibrium between radiation emitted due to electron acceleration and radiation absorbed from zero-point fluctuations, within the stochastic electrodynamic formulation.[13][14]
Biologist Massimo Pigliucci and others have noted that extracting energy from zero-point energy is considered to be a pseudoscience.[15] Pigliucci wrote "Harold Puthoff [is] a well-known parapsychologist and conducts research on so-called zero point energy, the idea that one can extract energy from empty space — a proposition, I should add, that violates basic principles of thermodynamics and that is considered pseudoscience by credentialed physicists."[15]
Uri Geller was studied by Russell Targ and Puthoff at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Targ and Puthoff declared to have demonstrated that Geller had genuine psychic powers, though it was reported that there were flaws with the controls in the experiments and Geller was caught using sleight of hand on many other occasions.[18][19] According to Terence Hines:
Geller turned out to be nothing more than a magician using sleight of hand and considerable personal charm to fool his admirers. The tests at SRI turned out to have been run under conditions that can best be described as chaotic. Few limits were placed on Geller's behavior, and he was more or less in control of the procedures used to test him. Further, the results of the tests were incorrectly reported in Targ and Puthoff's Nature paper.[20]
Psychologists David Marks and Richard Kammann attempted to replicate Targ and Puthoff's remote viewing experiments. In a series of thirty-five studies, they were unable to replicate the results. While investigating the procedure of the original experiments, Marks and Kammann discovered that the notes given to the judges in Targ and Puthoff's experiments contained clues as to which order they were carried out. Examples included referring to yesterday's two targets, or the inclusion of the date of the session written at the top of the page. They concluded that these clues were the reason for the experiment's high hit rates.[21][22] Terence Hines has written:
Examination of the few actual transcripts published by Targ and Puthoff show that just such clues were present. To find out if the unpublished transcripts contained cues, Marks and Kammann wrote to Targ and Puthoff requesting copies. It is almost unheard of for a scientist to refuse to provide his data for independent examination when asked, but Targ and Puthoff consistently refused to allow Marks and Kammann to see copies of the transcripts. Marks and Kammann were, however, able to obtain copies of the transcripts from the judge who used them. The transcripts were found to contain a wealth of cues.[23]
Marks noted that when the cues were eliminated the results fell to a chance level.[24]James Randi noted that controlled tests by several other researchers, eliminating several sources of cuing and extraneous evidence present in the original tests, produced negative results. Students were also able to solve Puthoff and Targ's locations from the clues that had inadvertently been included in the transcripts.[25] Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis."[26] According to Martin Gardner, Puthoff (and Targ) "imagined they could do research in parapsychology but instead dealt with 'psychics' who were cleverer than they were".[27]
^Jack David, Michael Park. (1978). Playback: Canadian Selections. McClelland and Stewart. p. 68. "Hal Puthoff, has a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University. He worked for the Naval Security Group in Washington and then for the National Security Agency."
^ abHugh Urban. (2013). The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion. Princeton University Press. p. 113. "A physicist with a PhD from Stanford University, Harold Puthoff joined Scientology in the late 1960s and quickly advanced to the OT VII level by 1971."
^Puthoff, Hal, Success Story, Scientology Advanced Org Los Angeles (AOLA) special publication, 1971.
^Celebrity magazine, Minor Issue 9, February 1974.
^Gutmann, Viktor (1997). "Considerations about the "Constitution of the Ether"". In Fleischhacker, W; Schönfeld, T (eds.). Pioneering Ideas for the Physical and Chemical Sciences. Springer. p. 195. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0268-9_18.
^ abMassimo Pigliucci. (2010). Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk. University of Chicago Press. p. 90.
^Russell Targ, Harold Puthoff. (2005). Mind-Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Abilities. Hampton Roads Publishing Company.
^Ben Harris. (1985). Gellerism Revealed: The Psychology and Methodology Behind the Geller Effect. Calgary: Micky Hades International.
^James Randi. (1982). The Truth about Uri Geller. Prometheus Books.
^Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins. (2001). Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends... and Pseudoscience Begins. Joseph Henry Press. p. 163. "In reality, however, Geller, an experienced magician and showman, simply bends the objects when no one is watching. But, you may argue, millions of people were watching him on TV! Geller is a master at an essential tool of the magician: misdirection or distracting peoples' attention. He is quite good at projecting an air of innocence that belies his actions. That he can fool so many people is a tribute to slight-of-hand (sic) artistry, not psychic power."
^Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 126
^David Marks, Richard Kammann. (1978). Information transmission in remote viewing experiments. Nature 274: 680–81.
