Birthday Party for H.E. Arnhold in Shanghai in 1939. Also present G.W. Boosevain, Penrhyn Grant Jones, Ellis Hayim, Sir Allan Mossop
Born in Hong Kong on 16 January 1879, Arnhold was a British Jew of German ancestry.[2] He was the son of Anne née Wolfers (1852–1916) and Jacob Arnhold (born 1837 – died July 1903 at London), nephew of Phillip Arnhold (born 1851 – died on 29 March 1910 at Altona, Hamburg in Germany), and brother of Charles Herbert Arnhold (born 19 September 1881 in London - died 1954).[3] The family moved to London and were naturalised in 1882; in 1891, at the age of 12, he and his brother Charles were baptised at St Mark, Notting Hill; and he was educated in Britain.[4]
Harry Arnhold's first marriage in 1904 was to Daisy Grace née Homan of Indiana (1880–?) they divorced in 1906; his second marriage in 1907 was to Mary Oldham née Alberga of London (1881–1949), this marriage also ended in divorce.[5] Arnhold's third marriage in the early 1940s was to Esther Jean née Miller (1898–1965) of Oregon, USA previously the wife of William Selman Gassaway (1901–1981).[5] Jean was eighteen years younger than Arnhold.
During World War II, Arnhold and his wife were interned by the Japanese. Jean was allowed to leave Shanghai on the MS Gripsholm in 1942. Arnhold was kept a prisoner for the remainder of the war. After the war, Arnold and his wife made their home in Hong Kong. In 1949, the Arnholds decided to move to New York. Harry died the following year at the age of 70. Jean died in 1965. In her will she established the Esther Jean Arnhold Fund to be administered by Community Funds Inc. She asked that income from the Fund be used to benefit young people and the arts.[6]
Career
Arnhold, Karberg & Co.
Arnhold & Karberg & Co. was founded as a German-registered company in September 1866[7] on Shameen Island in Canton (Guangzhou) by Jacob Arnhold and Peter Karberg, and opened branches in Hong Kong (1867) and Shanghai (1881), and had 37 branches by 1901,[8] including branches in Hankow, Tientsin (Tianjin), Peking (Beijing), Canton, Mukden, London and New York.[9] From 1897 to 1910, at least one of the Arnhold family was chairman of the company's board of directors: Jacob Arnhold (1897–1900), Philipp Arnhold (1900–1905; and 1906-1910); and Harry Edward Arnhold (1905–1906).[10] Due to hostility to German companies as a consequence of World War I, and the seizure of German companies by the British and their allies, Harry Arnhold and his brother, Charles Herbert Arnhold, "advertised themselves out of the well-known Anglo-German concern, Arnhold, Karberg & Co.".[11] Arnhold, Karberg had four partners: the two Arnhold brothers, who held 43% of the shares; Ernest Goetz, a Swiss born German subject; and Max Niclassen, of Berlin, Germany.[12]
Messrs. H.E. Arnold (China) (1914–1917)
Initially they formed the firm of Messrs. H.E. Arnhold (China).
Arnhold Brothers Limited (China) (1917)
On 1 October 1917, they incorporated Arnhold Brothers Limited (China), in Hong Kong, under the British ordinances, but with headquarters in Shanghai,[13] (which was reconstituted as a British company after 1919. Sir Victor Sassoon became the majority shareholder in 1923 after a merger[14] According to Stella Dong, its "most attractive asset was the Cathay Land Company, ownership of which gave Sir Victor control of a number of apartment buildings and a hotel in the Shanghai International Settlement as well as choice housing estates in the French Concession."[15] Arnhold's served as a front for Sassoon's political interests in the International Settlement.[16]
Arnhold & Co. (1919)
Harry Arnhold was the initial chairman of Arnhold & Company, a trading company that became a leading distributor of building materials and engineering equipment.
Headquartered in the Arnhold Building at 6 Kiukiang Road, Shanghai[17] until its relocation in 1930 to the third floor of Sassoon House at 1 Nanking Road.[18] Arnhold & Co. flourished until 1949 when, with the change of Government in China, the headquarters relocated to Hong Kong. Mr. Maurice Green who had been associated with the company since the Sassoon takeover, acquired the controlling interest in Arnhold in 1957.[19]
New Engineering and Shipbuilding Works
Arnhold was chairman of the New Engineering and Shipbuilding Works.[20]
Shanghai Land Investment Company
The Shanghai Land Investment Company Limited was formed in December 1888.[21]
Other activities
Shanghai Municipal Council
Arnhold was the chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC) from 1929 to 1931, and again from 1934 to April 1937.[22][23] Arnhold was popular with "the ratepayer community" in the 1920s.[24]
Arnhold was defeated for re-election as a member of the SMC in 1930 for his "reformist" tendencies. He also attracted antisemitic and anti-German hostility. Arnhold's defeat was warmly welcomed, as the diplomats disliked him. 'Not an attractive personality,' noted Sir Miles Lampson, the then British Minister. Arnhold was to re-emerge as a settler community leader in the 1930s, and then back on the SMC from 1932 to 1937, chairing it in 1934–37.[25] He won the election for chair in 1934 by 8 votes to 6 against acting chairman Ernest Macnaghten Macnaghten had succeeded Arnhold as chairman in 1931 but had stood down in 1933 to be succeeded by Alexander Dunlop Bell who had resigned.[26] Arnhold decided not to contest re-election to the council in the elections held on 5–6 April 1937.[27]
British Chamber of Commerce (Shanghai)
Arnhold was Chairman of the British Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai (1923);[28]
British Residents' Association
Arnhold served as chairman of the British Residents' Association.[29]
^Robert A. Bickers, Britain in China: Community Culture and Colonialism, 1900–1949 (Manchester University Press ND, 1999):132; see also Carl T. Smith, "The German Speaking Community in Hong Kong 1846-1918", 26-30.; http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4402104.pdf
^E. C. Knuth, The Empire of "The City": The Secret History of British Financial Power (Book Tree, 2006):72
^Frans-Paul van der Putten, Corporate Behaviour and Political Risk: Dutch companies in China, 1903–1941 (Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies, Leiden University, 2001):74.
^Edward Manico Gull, British Economic Interests in the Far East (International Secretariat, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1943):119; The Law Journal Reports 85 (E.B. Ince, 1916):133.
^Ernest Charles Meldon Trehern and Albert Wallace Grant, Prize Cases Heard and Decided in the Prize Court During the Great War, Great Britain High Court of Justice, Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division, High Court of Justice Vol. 1(Stevens, 1916):644-645
^Asia: Journal of the American Asiatic Association 18:11 (November 1918):984.
^C.R. Maguire, China Stock and Share Handbook (Office of the North-China Daily News and Herald, ltd., 1925):100 for list of directors
^Stella Dong, Shanghai: The Rise and Fall of a Decadent City 1842-1949 (HarperCollins, 2001):218-219.
^Robert A. Bickers, Britain in China: Community Culture and Colonialism, 1900–1949 (Manchester University Press ND, 1999):132).
^Allister Macmillan, Seaports of the Far East: Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial, Facts, Figures, & Resources, 2nd ed. (W.H. & L. Collingridge, 1925):57
^Stanley Jackson, The Sassoons (Dutton, 1968):217; Ernest O. Hauser, Shanghai: City for Sale (Harcourt, Brace and company, 1940):284.
^According to Ernest O. Hauser, "Arnhold was Sir Victor's lieutenant." See Ernest O. Hauser, Shanghai: City for Sale (Harcourt, Brace and company, 1940):284, or as Bickers put it more bluntly: "Harry was his man on the SMC." See Robert A. Bickers, Britain in China: Community Culture and Colonialism, 1900–1949 (Manchester University Press ND, 1999):132.
^Christian Henriot and Wen-Hsin Yeh, In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai Under Japanese Occupation (Cambridge University Press, 2004):231.
^Robert A. Bickers, Britain in China: Community Culture and Colonialism, 1900–1949 (Manchester University Press ND, 1999):132.
^The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser , 5 September 1934, p1
^The China Weekly Review 80-81 (1937):94; Bickers, 136.
^The China Who's Who ... (foreign) (Kelley & Walsh, 1924):18.
^Ernest Llewellyn Woodward, Rohan d'Olier Butler, and John Patrick Tuer Bury, eds., Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, Vol. 9 (H. M. Stationery Off., 1946):137; Robert A. Bickers, Britain in China: Community Culture and Colonialism, 1900–1949 (Manchester University Press ND, 1999):132.
Wright, Arnold and HA Cartwright, Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong: History, People, Commerce, Industries & Resources. Lloyd's Greater Britain Publishing, 1908.
