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((short description|United States Army general))
((more citations needed|date=April 2012))
((Infobox military person
|name= Harry Kinnard
|image= Harry Kinnard.jpg
|image_size= 
|alt= 
|caption= 
|nickname= 
|birth_date= ((Birth date|1915|5|7))
|birth_place= [[Dallas, Texas]]
|death_date= ((Death date and age|2009|1|5|1915|5|7))
|death_place= [[Arlington County, Virginia]]
|placeofburial= [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|allegiance= United States
|branch= [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears= 1939–1969
|rank= [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]]
|servicenumber= 0-21990
|unit= 
|commands= [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division]]<br/>1st Battalion, [[501st Infantry Regiment (United States)|501st Parachute Infantry Regiment]]
|battles= [[World War II]]
* [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]]
* [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]]
* [[Operation Market Garden]]
* [[Battle of the Bulge]]
[[Vietnam War]]
* [[Battle of Ia Drang]]
* [[Battle of Bong Son]]
|awards= [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]<br/>[[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] (2)<br/>[[Silver Star]]<br/>[[Legion of Merit]] (2)<br/>[[Bronze Star Medal]]<br/>[[Purple Heart]]<br/>[[Military Order of William|Knight 4th Class of the Military Order of William]] (Netherlands)
|relations= 
|laterwork= 
))
'''Harry William Osborne Kinnard II''' (May 7, 1915 – January 5, 2009) was a senior [[United States Army]] officer who, during the [[Vietnam War]], pioneered the [[airmobile]] concept of sending troops into battle using helicopters. Kinnard retired from the military as a [[Lieutenant general (United States)|lieutenant general]].

==Military career==
Kinnard grew up in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. After graduating from the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point in 1939, he entered military service.<ref name=NYTObit>Goldstein, Richard. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/us/11kinnard.html "Harry W. O. Kinnard, Who Said One Word Would Do, Dies at 93"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 10, 2009. Accessed January 20. 2009.</ref>

On December 7, 1941, Kinnard was stationed at [[Pearl Harbor]], and manned a machine gun to defend the base on the morning of the Japanese attack.<ref>Downey, Kristin. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/18/AR2007081801013.html "Multi-War Veteran Under Siege As Sewage Plant Din Roars On"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', August 19, 2007. Accessed January 11, 2009.</ref> He parachuted into France in the early hours of the [[Normandy Landings]] in June 1944, and was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for his heroism during [[Operation Market Garden]], as part of the Allied airborne attack against German forces in the Netherlands in September 1944.<ref name=NYTObit/>

===Bastogne===
[[File:Anthony C. McAuliffe, left, and then-Col. Harry W.O. Kinnard II at Bastogne.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Acting (rank)|Acting commander]] of the [[101st Airborne Division]], Brigadier General [[Anthony McAuliffe]], and Lieutenant Colonel Harry Kinnard, [[commanding officer]] of the 1st Battalion, [[501st Infantry Regiment (United States)|501st Parachute Infantry]], at [[Bastogne]] after successfully defending the city.]]
In December 1944, during the [[Battle of the Bulge]], [[Wehrmacht|German forces]] surrounded the town of [[Bastogne]], a town in Belgium then held by the [[101st Airborne Division|U.S. 101st Airborne Division]] and located at a crossroads that could have allowed the Germans to break through the American lines and reach their goal of retaking the port city of [[Antwerp]]. With the American forces surrounded, short on supplies and suffering the effects of the bitter cold weather, two German officers approached the American lines with a demand that the U.S. forces surrender or face destruction.<ref name=NYTObit/>

Brigadier General [[Anthony McAuliffe]] was acting division commander when he was handed the German demand. Lieutenant Colonel Kinnard, the division's operations officer, recounted later that McAuliffe had laughed and said "Us surrender? Aw, nuts." After considering the German demand, McAuliffe said he did not know what to say in response, to which Kinnard replied, "That first remark of yours would be hard to beat."<ref name=NYTObit/> As recounted by ''[[The New York Times]]'' in his 2009 obituary, "McAuliffe said, 'What do you mean?' I answered, 'Sir, you said, 'Nuts.' All members of the staff enthusiastically agreed. McAuliffe then wrote down: 'To the German Commander, Nuts! The American Commander.'"<ref name=NYTObit/>

McAuliffe's response was passed on to the two German officers who did not understand its meaning. Colonel [[Joseph H. Harper]], commanding the [[327th Infantry Regiment (United States)|327th Glider Infantry Regiment]], who had delivered the message, explained to the Germans, "If you don’t know what 'nuts' means, in plain English it is the same as 'go to hell.'"<ref name=NYTObit/>

McAuliffe asked Kinnard to compose a message that he delivered to the troops in Bastogne on [[Christmas Day]], 1944.<ref>[http://www.americanveteranscenter.com/AVC_conAw_AMA_Kinnard.html "Audie Murphy Award 2005 Recipient: Lt. General Harry W.O. Kinnard"]((Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes )), [[American Veterans Center]]. Accessed January 11, 2009.</ref> The message has been variously recorded as:

((quote|What's merry about all this, you ask? Just this: We have stopped cold everything that has been thrown at us from the North, East, South and West. We have identifications from four German Panzer divisions and one German parachute division. The Germans surround us, their radios blare our doom. Their commander demanded our surrender, and received the following reply... 'NUTS!' We are giving our country and our loved ones at home a worthy Christmas present, and, being privileged to take part in this gallant feat of arms, are truly making for ourselves a Merry Christmas.<ref>Skelly, Joseph Morrison. [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NmEzOGU4ZTc5YmZmYWQ0YTZjMjMxMTE5NDlmOTNjMGM= "Bastogne!: Saving Western Civilization on Christmas."] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808003209/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NmEzOGU4ZTc5YmZmYWQ0YTZjMjMxMTE5NDlmOTNjMGM= |date=2007-08-08 )), ''[[National Review]]'', December 21, 2006.</ref><ref>''[[Associated Press]]''. [https://www.nytimes.com/1944/12/29/archives/article-7-no-title.html "Article 7 – No Title"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 29, 1944. Accessed January 11, 2009.</ref>))

With improving weather allowing air support to assist the troops, the American forces were able to hold Bastogne. "Nuts" came to symbolize the American determination to overcome against the odds.<ref name=NYTObit/>

After the war, William Wellman's film ''Battleground'', based on the experiences of the 101st, was filmed and released in 1950. The script was written by Robert Pirosh, a veteran of the battle, and Kinnard served as the Technical Advisor.<ref>((cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Harry William Osborn Kinnard II|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/hwokinnard2.htm|accessdate=2015-02-09|website=Arlington National Cemetery))</ref>

Twenty years after the Battle of the Bulge, Kinnard drew criticism from members of the 101st Airborne Division for his comments in a newspaper interview where he said, "We never felt we would be overrun. We were beating back everything they threw at us. We had the houses, and we were warm. They were outside the town, in the snow and cold". Many members of [[E Company, 506th Infantry Regiment (United States)|Easy Company]] of the [[506th Infantry Regiment (United States)|506th Parachute Infantry]] sent [[historian|military historian]] [[Stephen Ambrose]], the author of "[[Band of Brothers (book)|Band of Brothers]]", the article containing the comments with their own opinion, the mildest comment by an E Company member being, "What battle was he in?".<ref>Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). ''Band of Brothers''. Thorndike, Maine: G.K. Hall, p. 309-310.</ref>

===Airmobile===
After the war, Kinnard served as commanding officer of the Aviation Test Section at Fort Bragg.<ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/hwokinnard2.htm Kinnard, W. O. II]</ref> In 1963, in response to the [[Howze Board]] directive to test all aspects of airmobility as a unit of the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]], he was selected to command the [[11th Airborne Division (United States)#11th Air Assault Division (Test)|11th Air Assault Division (Test)]] at [[Fort Benning]]. He and others developed an organizational structure and plans in less than four months for a division that would use helicopters to move one-third of its infantry battalions and supporting units in one single helicopter lift.

When the test was concluded, the assets of the 11th Air Assault Division (Test) and the 2nd Infantry Division were merged into a single unit. The colors and subordinate unit designations of the [[1st Cavalry Division (United States) |1st Air Cavalry Division]] were transferred from its post in Korea.  On 3 July 1965, in Doughboy Stadium at Fort Benning, the colors of the 11th Air Assault Division (Test) were cased and retired and the 1st Air Cavalry Division colors were moved onto the field and passed to the commander of the former 11th Air Assault Division, Major General Kinnard.<ref name="firstcav">((cite web |title=1st Cavalry Division History – Ft. Benning, Airmobile 1965 |url=http://www.first-team.us/tableaux/chapt_07/ |website=www.first-team.us |access-date=20 April 2022))</ref>  At the same time the personnel and units of the 1st Cavalry Division that remained in Korea were reflagged as a new 2nd Infantry Division. In July 1965 the 1st Air Cavalry Division was ordered to Vietnam.<ref name="lepore">((cite journal |last1=Lepore |first1=Herbert P. |title=The Coming of Age: The Role of the Helicopter in the Vietnam War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26304086 |journal=Army History |access-date=20 April 2022 |pages=29–36 |date=1994|issue=29 |jstor=26304086 ))</ref>((rp|30)) <ref name=NYTObit/>

Kinnard commanded an operation in October 1965, in which 5,000 troops took control of the [[Suai Ca Valley]], Vietnam, which placed the crop-rich valley under South Vietnamese control. [[Associated Press]] reporter Bob Poos who rode for two days with 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Air Cavalry Division during the operation, described the innovative use of the "Sky Cavalry", combining light infantry on armed helicopters, as constituting "the first cavalry charge of modern warfare".<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/27963250/ "The Evening Standard from Uniontown, Pennsylvania, Page 3"], Friday, October 15, 1965. Accessed September 13, 2015.</ref>

Kinnard was ordered by General Westmoreland at the end of October 1965 to take the 1st Air Cavalry on the offensive and seize the initiative in Pleiku province.<ref name=Carland>((cite book|last=Carland|first=John M.|title=Combat Operations: Stemming the Tide, May 1965 to October 1966|publisher=Government Printing Office|year=2000|url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-5/index.html|isbn=9780160873102))((PD-notice))</ref>((rp|104)) During this action, the division conducted 35 days of continuous [[airmobile]] operations. The opening  [[Battle of Ia Drang]]  resulted in heavy [[North Vietnam]]ese casualties at the cost of 300 American deaths. It was described in the book ''[[We Were Soldiers Once… And Young]]'', which was also the basis of the subsequent [[Mel Gibson]] film ''[[We Were Soldiers]]''.<ref name=NYTObit/> The unit also earned the first [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]] presented to a division during the Vietnam War.

As a result of Kinnard's leadership, helicopters became an essential part of US military doctrine. 

Kinnard retired in 1969 from the armed forces.<ref name=NYTObit/>

==Honours and awards==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4"|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|width=106))
|-
|((Ribbon devices|number=1|type=award-V|ribbon=Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|other_device=|ribbon=Silver Star ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Bronze Star BAR.svg|width=106))
|-
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Air Medal ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Purple Heart BAR.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106))
|-
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=4|type=service-star|ribbon=European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106))
|-
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Army of Occupation ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg |width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnam Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with palm (France) - ribbon bar.png|width=106))
|-
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Oorlogskruis with Palm.jpg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=BEL Kroonorde Officier BAR.svg|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=NLD Military Order of William - Knight BAR.png|width=106))
|((Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnamese Gallantry Cross, with palm.svg|width=106))
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!1st Row
|
|colspan="2"|[[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]
|
|-
!2nd Row
|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] with Oak Leaf Cluster
|[[Silver Star]]
|[[Legion of Merit]] with Oak Leaf Cluster
|[[Bronze Star Medal]]
|-
!3rd Row
|[[Air Medal]]
|[[Commendation Medal|Army Commendation Medal]]
|[[Purple Heart]]
|[[American Defense Service Medal]] with one bronze star
|-
!4th Row
|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|[[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] with one campaign star
|[[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] with four campaign stars
|[[World War II Victory Medal (United States)|World War II Victory Medal]]
|-
!5th Row
|[[Army of Occupation Medal]]
|[[National Defense Service Medal]] with one bronze star
|[[Vietnam Service Medal]] with one campaign star
|[[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|French Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 with Palm]]
|-
!6th Row
|[[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Belgian Croix de Guerre 1940–1945 with Palm]]
|[[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Belgian Order of the Crown – Officer Grade]]
|[[Military William Order|Netherlands Military William Order – Knight Grade]]
|[[Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)|Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm]]
|-
|}

On November 14, 1946 by [[Royal Decree]], Kinnard was [[Knighthood|knighted]] by [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]], with the rank of Knight 4th Class of the [[Military Order of William]]. The Order is the highest and oldest [[Dutch honours system|honour]] of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], which is bestowed for "performing excellent acts of Bravery, Leadership and Loyalty in battle".<ref>[http://www.lintjes.nl/_en/militaire_willemsorde/index.html Military order of William – Official website] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063059/http://www.lintjes.nl/_en/militaire_willemsorde/index.html |date=2011-07-16 ))</ref>

==Kinnard in Museums==
World War II memorabilia from Kinnard can be seen in Belgium where he fought during the [[Battle of the Bulge]] in December 1944, at [http://www.december44.com December 44 Museum], [[La Gleize]].

Kinnard Mission Training Center, a digital systems training complex at [[Fort Campbell|Fort Campbell, Kentucky]] is named for him.  His awards, decorations and several historical items of interest relating to him are on display in its lobby.

==Personal==
Kinnard died at age 93 on January 5, 2009, in [[Arlington, Virginia]]. He was survived by his wife, Libby; two sons, three daughters, a stepson, two stepdaughters, 16 grandchildren and 15 great-grandchildren.<ref name=NYTObit/>

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* ((Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.26971|name=STAFF FILM REPORT 66-20A (1966)))
* ((Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.26973|name=STAFF FILM REPORT 66-22A (1966)))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Kinnard, Harry William Osborne Ii))
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Knights Fourth Class of the Military Order of William]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Silver Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Dallas]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]

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