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((More_citations_needed|date=November 2023))
((Short description|Zionist paramilitary organization (1909–1920)))
((About|Hashomer the armed group|the Socialist Zionist youth movement|Hashomer Hatzair))
((More footnotes needed|date=December 2016))
((Infobox military unit
|unit_name = Hashomer
|dates = 1909–1920
|image = דגל השומר.png
|caption = The Flag of Hashomer
|country = ((flag|Ottoman Empire))<br />((flagdeco|Israel)) [[Yishuv]]<br />((flagdeco|United Kingdom)) [[Mandatory Palestine]]
|role = Defense of Jewish settlements
|size = 
|type = Paramilitary
))

'''Hashomer''' (((lang-he|השומר)), "The Watchman") was a [[Jews|Jewish]] defense organization in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] founded in April 1909. It was an outgrowth of the [[Bar-Giora (organization)|Bar-Giora group]] and was disbanded after the founding of the [[Haganah]] in 1920. Hashomer was responsible for guarding Jewish settlements in the [[Yishuv]], freeing Jewish communities from dependence upon foreign consulates and Arab watchmen for their security. It was headed by a committee of three: [[Israel Shochat]], Israel Giladi and [[Mendel Portugali]].

== History ==
[[File:Ha-shomer.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Hashomer members, some wearing [[keffiyeh]] and [[Agal (accessory)|agal]] in 1909.]]
Hashomer was originated by [[socialist Zionism|Socialist Zionists]], mostly members of [[Poale Zion]], including [[Israel Shochat]], [[Manya Shochat]], [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] and Ben-Zvi's wife [[Rachel Yanait]], several of whom had earlier formed a small secret guard society called [[Bar-Giora]], which guarded the Sejera commune (now [[Ilaniya]]) and Mes'ha (now [[Kfar Tavor]]). Bar-Giora was founded on September 29, 1907 by Israel Shochat, [[Alexander Zaïd]], Yehezkel Henkin in the apartment of Yitzhak Ben-Zvi which was in [[Jaffa]]. Less than two years later, on April 12, 1909 the Bar-Giora leadership decided at a meeting in Kfar Tavor to disband their organization and create a larger one, '''Hashomer'''. While earlier settlers had undertaken to defend their lands and communities, Hashomer was the first attempt to provide an organized defence for all the Jewish communities in Palestine. By 1910 Yehezkel Henkin was the first of the Shomer people to ride horseback so he became a riding guard.  He taught other “Watchmen” how to ride. This prompted the committee to buy him a horse that he named "Tzipora".

In the autumn of 1911 [[Manya Shochat]] wrote, on behalf of Hashomer, to [[Menachem Ussishkin]] in [[Odessa]] asking for money. In her letter she stated that in 1910 Hashomer had “35 watchmen, 23 infantry and 12 cavalry”, and were guarding six colonies in [[Galilee]] as well as [[Hadera]].<ref>
[[Rachel Yanait Ben-Zvi|Ben Zvi, Rahel Yanait]] (1976; translated by [[Marie Syrkin]] 1989) ''Before Golda: Manya Shochat. A Biography.'' Biblio Press, New York. ((ISBN|0-930395-07-7)) p.74</ref>
  
A serious obstacle was the lack of funds with which to buy arms. On [[Yehoshua Hankin]]'s advice, they asked [[Eliahu Krause]], the manager at Sejera, to lend them the money. The first guns were bought, several of the members refusing to part from them even for a moment.

They adopted local dress, and many of the customs of the [[Bedouin]]s, [[Druze]] and [[Circassians in Israel|Circassians]]. They also drew inspiration from the history of the [[Cossacks]]. The first few ''shomrim'' (guards), worked on foot, but soon acquired horses, which vastly increased their effectiveness. Mendel Portugali laid down the rules of engagement.

<blockquote>
You do not seek an encounter with the thief; you chase him off, and only when you have no choice do you shoot. After all, he is out to steal a bag of grain, not to murder you, so don't murder him, drive him off. Don't sleep at night. If you hear footsteps, fire into the distance. If you feel he is a few steps away and you can fire without him falling upon you, fire into the distance. Only if your life is in danger—fire.
</blockquote>

Guns used were the same as the locals', which included the 'jift', a single, or double-barrelled [[shotgun]], the 'yunani' and 'osmanli' single-shot [[musket]]s, various rifles and [[Mauser C96|Mauser]] pistols. Modern rifles, known as 'Abu-Hamsa' (father of five), were the most prestigious, and were prone to theft by the locals. The '[[shibriyeh]]' (Arab dagger) and 'nabut' (club or mace) were carried by all. Ammunition was expensive and hard to come by, so primitive production centers were set up.

By 1912, Hashomer was guarding fourteen Jewish settlements. In addition to guarding settlements, Hashomer secretly began developing offensive capabilities, seeing itself as the nucleus of a future Jewish army. It raided Arab villages to beat or kill residents who had harmed Jews.<ref name=Bergman/> Mounted on their horses, Hashomer vigilantes raided a few Arab settlements to punish residents who had harmed Jews, sometimes beating them up, sometimes executing them. In one case, a special clandestine assembly of Hashomer members decided to eliminate a Bedouin policeman, Aref al-Arsan, who had assisted the Turks and tortured Jewish prisoners. He was shot dead by Hashomer in June 1916.<ref>Bergman, Ronen: ''Rise and Kill First'', p. 7</ref>

During World War I, Hashomer was violently opposed to [[Nili|NILI]], a Jewish spy network working for the British in Ottoman Palestine. Hashomer feared that the Turks would discover the spies and wreak vengeance against the entire Jewish community. When they failed to get NILI to cease operations or to hand over a stash of gold coins they’d received from the British, they made an attempt on the life of [[Yosef Lishansky]], one of its members, managing only to wound him.<ref name=Bergman>Bergman, Ronen: ''Rise and Kill First'', p. 7</ref><ref>((cite book | author=Nachman Ben Yehuda | title=Political Assassinations by Jews|publisher=State University of New York Press| pages = 129–132 | year = 1993))</ref><ref>((cite book | author = Gregory Wallace | title = The Woman who Fought an Empire | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | year = 2018 | page = 234))</ref> Later the Turks caught Lishansky, and he allegedly told them all he knew under torture, implicating twelve members of Hashomer.<ref name=Bergman/> The group nonetheless survived.
 
Hashomer was successful in providing defense for settlements throughout the country; though it sometimes aroused the ire of Arab watchmen, who lost their jobs, and of pilferers, and antagonized the Arab population by retaliatory raids. Some of the older settlers were also worried that Hashomer might upset the status-quo with the local population. During [[World War I]] many of its members were exiled to [[Anatolia]] by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government because they were enemy (Russian) nationals. Several were hanged.
 
In 1920 it was decided to organize the [[Haganah]], a much broader-based group, to cope with new defense challenges and needs of the growing Jewish community in Palestine. Many members of Hashomer joined the [[Jewish Legion]], while others joined the mounted police, and played a prominent part in the defense of [[Tel Hai]] and [[Jerusalem]] during the Arab riots in 1920 and 1921. In June 1920 HaShomer ceased to exist as a separate body. Its members, however, maintained contact and made an important contribution to the Yishuv's defense. The Haganah itself became the core of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF).
 
In addition to their role as watchmen of the Jewish settlements in the country, members of Hashomer established a number of settlements of their own, including [[Tel Adashim|Tel Adash]], [[Tel Hai]], and [[Kfar Giladi]].

During its ten years existence Hashomer had at most 100 members, 23 of them women.<ref>[[Rachel Yanait Ben-Zvi|Ben Zvi, Rahel Yanait]] (1976; translated by [[Marie Syrkin]] 1989) ''Before Golda: Manya Shochat. A Biography.'' Biblio Press, New York. ((ISBN|978-0-930395-07-0)) pp.153-154</ref> Most of them came from a small number of families who believed they were on the verge of becoming the leaders of Palestine's Jews.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. ((ISBN|978-1-78954-463-3)) p.96</ref>

Professor ((ill|Gur Alroey|he|גור אלרואי)), Dean of Humanities at the [[University of Haifa]], described the Hashomer as "...illiterate people, chauvinist. They spoke [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] and not Hebrew. Even a poor Yiddish, they curse a lot. They were people I wouldn't like to meet in a boulevard at midnight."<ref name="1913seedsofconflict">((cite AV media|date=2014|last=Loeterman|first=Ben|editor-last=Clark|editor-first=Rachel|title=1913: Seeds of Conflict|url=http://1913seedsofconflict.com|location=[[Arlington, Virginia]] |publisher=[[PBS]]|minutes=44:25))</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:תל אביב -ישראל גלעדי-JNF010028.jpeg|Israel Giladi
Image:Members of Hashomer.jpg|Hashomer members
File:מרחביה - חברי השומר-JNF023708.jpeg|Hashomer members from [[Merhavia (moshav)|Merhavia]] 1915
File:Hashomer Ribbon.jpg|The IDF's Hashomer ribbon
File:Tel hai inscription.jpg|Hashomer memorial at Tel Hai
File:Mania Shochat stamp.jpg|[[Manya Shochat]] on a stamp issued on Hashomer's 60th anniversary, 1970
</gallery>

== Notable members ==
*[[Israel Shochat]]
*[[Manya Shochat]]
*[[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]]
*[[Alexander Zaïd]]
*[[Mendel Portugali]]
*Israel Giladi
*[[Eliyahu Golomb]]
*[[Yaacov Pat]]
*[[Yekutiel Ravayev]] 

==See also==
*[[Jewish Supernumerary Police]]
*[[Jewish Settlement Police]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
((commons category))
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hashomer Jewish Virtual Library: Hashomer]
*[https://haifa-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/collectionDiscovery?vid=HAU&inst=972HAI_MAIN&collectionId=81163882330002791&lang=en_US Alexander and Zipporah Zaid Collection - Hashomer] on the Digital collections of [[Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library]], University of Haifa

((Authority control))

[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Palestine]]
[[Category:Militant Zionist groups]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1909]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1920]]
[[Category:Zionist organizations]]
[[Category:1909 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]

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