Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive / affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | |
| voiced | v | z | ɣ | ɦ | ||
| Liquid | l | ʀ | ||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
- Obstruents are devoiced word-finally. However, when the next word starts with a vowel and is pronounced without a pause, both voiced and voiceless word-final obstruents are realized as voiced.[4]
- /m, p, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental. /w/ is a bilabial approximant [β̞].[1] In this article, it is transcribed with ⟨w⟩, following the recommendations of Carlos Gussenhoven regarding transcribing the corresponding Standard Dutch phone.[5]
- In the palatal sequences /ntʃ, ndʒ/, the affricates tend to be realized as palatalized stops. Affricates are used in other positions and, in the case of conservative speakers, also in /ntʃ, ndʒ/.[4]
- /ɦ/ is often dropped,[4] though this is not marked in transcriptions in this article.
Realization of /ʀ/
According to Peters (2006), /ʀ/ is realized as a voiced trill, either uvular [ʀ] or alveolar [r]. Between vowels, it is sometimes realized with one contact (i.e. as a tap) [ʀ̆ ~ ɾ],[4] whereas word-finally, it can be devoiced to [ʀ̥ ~ r̥].[6]
According to Sebregts (2014), about two thirds of speakers have a uvular /ʀ/, whereas about one third has a categorical alveolar /ʀ/. There are also a few speakers who mix uvular and alveolar articulations.[7]
Among uvular articulations, he lists uvular trill [ʀ], uvular fricative trill [ʀ̝], uvular fricative [ʁ] and uvular approximant [ʁ̞], which are used more or less equally often in all contexts. Almost all speakers with a uvular /ʀ/ use all four of these realizations.[8]
Among alveolar articulations, he lists alveolar tap [ɾ], voiced alveolar fricative [ɹ̝], alveolar approximant [ɹ], voiceless alveolar trill [r̥], alveolar tapped or trilled fricative [ɾ̞ ~ r̝], voiceless alveolar tap [ɾ̥] and voiceless alveolar fricative [ɹ̝̊]. Among these, the tap is most common, whereas the tapped/trilled fricative is the second most common realization.[8]
Elsewhere in the article, the consonant is transcribed ⟨ʀ⟩ for the sake of consistency with IPA transcriptions of other dialects of Limburgish.
Vowels
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- The Hasselt dialect has undergone both the Old Saxon monophthongization (which has turned the older eik and boum into eek and boom) and the monophthongization of the former /ɛj/ and /œj/ to /ɛː/ and /œː/ (which was then mostly merged with /ɛː/ due to the unrounding described below).
- Among the marginal vowels, the nasal ones occur only in French loanwords (note that /æ̃ː/ is typically transcribed with ⟨ɛ̃⟩ in transcriptions of French and that /œ̃ː/ is very rare, as in Standard Dutch), whereas /oː/ is restricted to loanwords from standard Dutch and English. As in about 50 other dialects spoken in Belgian Limburg, the rounded front vowels /y, yː, ø, øː, œ, œː/ have largely been replaced with their unrounded counterparts /i, iː, e, eː, ɛ, ɛː/ and are mostly restricted to loanwords from French. The marginal diphthong /aj/ occurs only in loanwords from French and interjections. /øj/ is also rare, and like /aj/ occurs only in the word-final position.[10][11]
- Phonetically, /aː/ is near-front [a̠ː].[11]
- All of the back vowels are almost fully back.[9] Among these, /u, uː, ɔ, ɔː/ and the non-native /oː/ are rounded, whereas /ɑ, ɑː/ are unrounded.
- Before alveolar consonants, the long monophthongs /uː, øː, œː/ and the diphthongs /ej, ow/ are realized as centering diphthongs [uə, øə, œə, eə, oə]. In the case of /ej/, this happens only before sonorants, with the disyllabic [ejə] being an alternative pronunciation. Thus, noêd /ˈnuːt/ 'distress', meud /ˈmøːt/ 'fashion', näöts /ˈnœːts/ 'news', kejl /ˈkejl/ 'cool' and moowd /ˈmowt/ 'tired' surface as [ˈnuət], [ˈmøət], [ˈnœəts], [ˈkeəl ~ ˈkejəl] and [ˈmoət]. The distinction between a long monophthong and a centering diphthong is only phonemic in the case of the /iː–iə/ pair, as exemplified by the minimal pair briêd /ˈbʀiːt˨/ 'broad' vs. brieëd /ˈbʀiət˨/ 'plank'.[11]
- /ə, ɔ/ are mid [ə, ɔ̝].[11]
- /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.[4]
- /æ/ is near-open, whereas /aː, ɑ, ɑː/ are open.[11]
- /uj/ and /ɔj/ have somewhat advanced first elements ([u̟] and [ɔ̟], respectively). The latter diphthong occurs only in the word-final position.[11]
- Among the closing-fronting diphthongs, the ending points of /ɔj/ and /aj/ tend to be closer to [e̠] than [i]; in addition, the first element of /aj/ is closer to [ɐ]: [ɔ̟e̠, ɐe̠].[11]
There are three combinations of long monophthongs with coda /j/ - those are /uːj/, /ɔːj/ and /ɑːj/, with the latter two occurring only in the word-final position, as in kaoj /ˈkɔːj/ 'harm' (pl.) and lâj /ˈlɑːj/ 'drawer'. An example word for the sequence /uːj/ is noêj /ˈnuːj/ 'unwillingly'.[11]
Stress and tone
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Main article: Pitch-accent language § Franconian dialects |
The location of stress is the same as in Belgian Standard Dutch. In compound nouns, the stress is sometimes shifted to the second element (the head noun), as in stadhäös /stɑtˈɦœːs/ 'town hall'. Loanwords from French sometimes preserve the original final stress.[12]
As many other Limburgish dialects, the Hasselt dialect features a phonemic pitch accent, a distinction between the 'push tone' (stoottoon) and the 'dragging tone' (sleeptoon). It can be assumed that the latter is a lexical low tone, whereas the former is lexically toneless. Examples of words differing only by pitch accent include hin /ˈɦen/ 'hen' vs. hin /ˈɦen˨/ 'them' as well as berreg /ˈbæʀx/ 'mountains' vs. berreg /ˈbæʀx˨/ 'mountain'.[13] Phonetically, the push tone rises then falls ([ˈɦen˧˦˧], [ˈbæʀ˧˦˧əx]), whereas the dragging tone falls, then rises, then falls again ([ˈɦen˥˩˩˥˥˩], [ˈbæʀ˥˩˩˥˥˩əx]). This phonetic realization of pitch accent is called Rule 0 by Björn Köhnlein.[14] Elsewhere in the article, the broad transcription ⟨ˈɦen, ˈbæʀəx, ˈɦen˨, ˈbæʀ˨əx⟩ is used even in phonetic transcription.
A unique feature of this dialect is that all stressed syllables can bear either of the accents, even the CVC syllables with a non-sonorant coda. In compounds, all combinations of pitch accent are possible: Aastraot /ˈaːˌstʀɔːt/ 'Old Street', Vèsmerrek /ˈvɛsˌmæʀk˨/ 'Fish Market', Ekestraot /ˈeː˨kəˌstʀɔːt/ 'Oak Street' and Freetmerrek /ˈfʀeːt˨ˌmæʀk˨/ 'Fruit Market'.[15]
Sample
The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun.
- "The north wind and the sun were discussing which of the two was the strongest. Just then someone came past who had a thick, warm, winter coat on."
Phonetic transcription:
- [də ˈnɔːʀdəʀˌwɛntʃ˨ ən də ˈzɔn | wøːʀən ɑn deskəˈtɛːʀə | ˈeː˨vəʀ ˈwiə vɔn en ˈtwɛː ət ˈstæʀ˨əkstə wøːʀ || ˈtuːn ˈkum təʀ ˈdʒys ˈej˨mɑnt vʀ̩ˈbɛː˨ | ˈdiː nən ˈdɪkə ˈwæʀmə ˈjɑs ˈɑːn˨ɦaː][16]
Orthographic version:
- De naorderwèndj en de zon weuren an disketaere ever wieë von hin twae het sterrekste weur, toên koem ter dzjuus ejmand verbae diê nen dikke, werme jas ânhaa.