The Havana Conference was a conference held in the Cuban capital, Havana, from July 21 to July 30, 1940. At the meeting by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the United States, Panama, Mexico, Ecuador, Cuba, Costa Rica, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, Honduras, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Brazil, Bolivia, Haiti and El Salvador[1] agreed to collectively govern territories of nations that were taken over by the Axis powers of World War II and also declared that an attack on any nation in the region would be considered as an attack on all nations.[2]

Background

In the first years of World War II, as Germany began to take over countries throughout Europe, colonies of nations that were occupied, such as Netherlands and France, found themselves orphaned.[3] They were therefore at risk of German occupation. Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president of the United States, and his administration, saw this as a very credible threat, particularly as in the Caribbean were strategically positioned near major trade routes as well as the Panama Canal.[4] At the Lima Conference of 1938, American nations agreed they would meet should a threat to the Western Hemisphere as a whole emerge.[5] The Panama Conference which was called the following year and attending delegates had decided to hold another conference to discuss how to handle territories of European powers.[4] Formally the Second Meeting of Consultation of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics, such a conference was initially set for October 1940.[5]

On June 17, 1940,[4] the US moved the conference time up in response to a perceived increase in the situation's urgency after the fall of France in 1940.[5] Cordell Hull, the United States Secretary of State, planned to lead the Americans at the conference.[4] Argentina, led by the conservative Ramón Castillo, was uncooperative and convinced various nations, notably Brazil and Chile, to withhold their foreign ministers from the conference. The reason they gave for this was that the ministers had much work to do, but historian Fredrick B. Pike writes that it was actually to avoid offending the Axis powers. As Hull prepared to attend the conference, he sought to expand the Export–Import Bank of the United States's lending capacity dramatically, which he thought would ease negotiations.[6] The United States Congress eventually partially granted his request.[7]

Conference

The conference was held from July 21 to July 30, 1940.[5] The US had already publicly stated it would not accept transfer of territories to nations outside of the Americas, in a policy known as "No Transfer".[5][8] The delegation of the United States met resistance in their efforts from the Argentinian delegation.[9] This resistance lessened after Roberto María Ortiz (the president of Argentina who was in ill health and had delegated his authority to Castillo) pressured the delegation to change tack. The US offered financial aid to countries present and an agreement was reached whereby territories of any European nation would be temporarily controlled by a "Pan-American trusteeship".[10] The agreement, however, still needed to be approved by a supermajority of American nations.[6] The trusteeship would have one member from every American nation.[11]

The "Act of Havana" further provided that if a European nation should fall before the agreement's ratification, any of the countries could take over the relevant territories.[12] The "Declaration of Reciprocal Assistance and Cooperation for the Defense of the Nations of the Americas" codified a one for all and all for one principle of American nations by stating that an attack on one country would be considered an attack on them all.[13] This also provided for the creation of further pledges for mutual defense.[11][14]

This general sense of unity between nations meant that the United States had been broadly successful.[5] The agreement to a "no transfer doctrine" codified an aspect of the Monroe Doctrine and expanded it to nations besides the United States.[5][15][16]

Reaction

Reaction to the ratification of the conference was met accusations of American imperialism from both the French and German press.[17] Communist led labor groups in Mexico protested Mexico's involvement at the conference seeing cooperation with the United States to be imperialist.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs". Organization of American States. 20 October 2021. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  2. ^ Fletcher, Luke (2018). "Confusion and convergence: the Nazi challenge to world order and the CFR response, 1940–1941". International Politics. 55 (6): 888–903. doi:10.1057/s41311-017-0103-3. ISSN 1384-5748. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  3. ^ Moore, Bob (1995). "Anglo‐American security policy and its threats to Dutch colonial rule in the West Indies, 1940–42". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 23 (3): 453–478. doi:10.1080/03086539508582961. ISSN 0308-6534.
  4. ^ a b c d Pike 1995, p. 247.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Second Meeting of Consultation of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics, Havana, 1940", Encyclopedia of U.S.-Latin American Relations, Washington, D.C., United States: CQ Press, doi:10.4135/9781608717613.n763, ISBN 978-0-87289-762-5, archived from the original on 2023-04-20, retrieved 2021-03-19
  6. ^ a b Pike 1995, pp. 247–248.
  7. ^ Langley 1989, p. 154.
  8. ^ Lenoir, James J. (1942). "The Monroe Doctrine and International Law: 1933-1941". The Journal of Politics. 4 (1): 47–67. doi:10.2307/2125548. ISSN 0022-3816. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  9. ^ White, John (1942). Argentina. New York, New York: Viking Press. p. 262.
  10. ^ Ardery, William (May 18, 1941). "Four Senators Urge U.S. Seize French Islands". Washington Post. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  11. ^ a b Callcott 1968, p. 366.
  12. ^ Pike 1995, pp. 248–249.
  13. ^ Gellman, Irwin (2019). Good Neighbor Diplomacy United States Policies in Latin America, 1933-1945 (1st ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-3135-2. OCLC 1156380423. Archived from the original on 2023-04-20. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  14. ^ Pike 1995, p. 249.
  15. ^ Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate on The Charter of the United Nations for the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, submitted by the president of the United States on July 2, 1945. United States Government Printing Office. 1945. p. 312.
  16. ^ Carter, Albert (1941). The Battle of South America (1st ed.). New York, New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 185–188.
  17. ^ Luce, Henery, ed. (12 Aug 1940). "Life on the Newsfront of the World". Life. Vol. 9, no. 7. Chicago, Illinois. p. 16. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  18. ^ Kirk, Betty (1942). Covering the Mexican Front (1st ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 89, 171.

Bibliography

External links

Latin America during World War II
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