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((multiple issues|
((More citations|date=January 2019))
((no footnotes|date=January 2019))
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[[Image:Haze machine.jpg|thumb|right|A haze machine with remote control]]
'''Haze machines''', or haze generators (commonly referred to as hazers), are effects machines similar to [[fog machine]]s, designed to produce an unobtrusive, [[Homogeneous (chemistry)|homogeneous]] clouds suspended in the air intended primarily to make [[light beam]]s visible or create a subtle diffusion.

==Properties==
[[File:Haze Mimi.jpg|right|thumb|Haze can reveal beams of light from [[stage lighting instrument]]s without obscuring the view of actors onstage.]]
Unlike [[Theatrical smoke and fog|theatrical fog]], which is typically intended to be dense and/or opaque, haze is generally very light and subtle.  These properties allow a venue to be filled with haze prior to or during an event without creating an overtly distracting cloud. Haze typically has a substantially longer persistence ("hang time") than conventional theatrical fog.  While conventional fog will hang in the air for several minutes, a haze effect filling the same volume of space can last upwards of an hour to several hours or more, depending on the size of the venue and the amount of [[ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]].

The fluid used in haze machines to generate the effects are either oil or water-based.  Most oil-based haze fluids use a [[mineral oil]] base, while water-based fluids use either a [[propylene glycol]] or [[glycerol]] base.  Although both formulations of fluid are referred to as haze fluid, the different formulations are neither compatible nor interchangeable.  Propylene glycol/water haze fluid is sometimes referred to as "water based haze" to avoid ambiguity. Describing the fluid as "glycol" might cause stagehands to use automotive antifreeze, which contains ethylene glycol,<ref>((cite web |title=Material Safety Data Sheet &mdash; Ethylene glycol MSDS |url=http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015163416/http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927167 |archive-date=2018-10-15 |url-status=dead |website=ScienceLab.com))</ref> and unlike propylene glycol, must not be used for this purpose because of its [[toxicity]].

==Technology==

===Crackers===
Crackers (also known as "oil crackers") were first developed in the 1960s. The fluid is usually, though not always, refined mineral oil.  Crackers work by use of a spray pump powered either by electricity or compressed [[CO2|CO<sub>2</sub>]] passing through a dispersion head into a fluid reservoir.  The compressed air [[aerosol]]s the fluid, dispersing fine droplets.  Because the haze is mechanically generated, this type of machine does not require any warm up time.

===Pump spray===
Pump spray haze machines use electricity or compressed CO<sub>2</sub> to power a spray pump connected to a mixing valve, which draws in and atomizes the fluid.

Pump hazers also includes machines which function in the same manner as a [[fog machine]], pumping fluid into a heated chamber where it is [[vaporize|vapourized]] to produce a cloud.  Hazers which heat fluid to create an atmospheric effect only use mixtures of water and glycol or glycerine.  Spray hazers which atomize fluid can use either a water-based or mineral oil fluid.

===Aerosol===
Smaller volumes of haze can also be generated from aerosol canisters containing mineral oil under pressure.  Although to the density of haze generated and the volume of space that can be filled is significantly smaller than that of a haze machine, aerosol canisters have the advantages of portability, no requirements for electricity and finer control over the volume of haze generated.

[[Image:Fog-laser.jpg|thumb|A laser passing through fog]]

===Ultrasonic===
Ultrasonic haze machines use [[transducer]]s submerged in a reservoir of fluid to create atmospheric effects.  Although less common than some of the other technologies used to produce haze, ultrasonic hazers are promoted as generating their effects with much less noise than other technologies.

===Faze machines===
Faze machines, or fazers, can also be used to produce a haze-like effect. These machines are typically fog machines with a fan built in front to disperse the output, creating a haze-like effect. These machines are typically considered more cost effective, with prices ranging from ((Currency|100–400|US|linked=yes|passthrough=yes)) as compared to haze machines with prices ranging from ((Currency|400–1,400|US|linked=no|passthrough=yes)).

==Fire detection==
Although the atmospheric effect created by hazers produces a significantly smaller particle size, around one micrometre (um), compared to the effect generated by a fog machine (hence the finer composition of the "cloud"), the size of particle and effect varies by manufactures and type of fluid used. Because of this, haze is far less likely to set off fire alarms than fog machines or larger smoke particles.

==See also==
*[[Theatrical smoke and fog]]
*[[Fog machine]]

==References==
((Reflist))
*Entertainment Services & Technology Association (2005). ''Introduction to Modern Atmospheric Effects, 4th Edition.'', The ESTA Foundation.
*Learn Stage Lighting (2013). "Hazers - Oil or Water Based?", [http://www.learnstagelighting.com/hazers-oil-or-water-based/ LearnStageLighting.com Oil Or Water Based]

((DEFAULTSORT:Haze Machine))
[[Category:Stagecraft]]
[[Category:Special effects]]

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