A heat dome is a weather phenomenon consisting of extreme heat that is caused when the atmosphere traps hot ocean air, as if bounded by a lid or cap. Heat domes happen when strong high pressure atmospheric conditions remain stationary for an unusual amount of time, preventing convection and precipitation and keeping hot air "trapped" within a region. This can be caused by multiple factors, including sea surface temperature anomalies and the influence of a La Niña.[1][2] The upper air weather patterns are slow to move, referred to by meteorologists as an Omega block.[3]
The term is often extrapolated in media terminology for any heat wave situation, though heat waves differ as they are periods of excessively hot weather not necessarily caused by such stationary high-pressure systems.[4] The term heat dome is also used in the context of urban heat islands.[5]
Characteristics
Heat domes are typically associated with minimal cloud cover and clear skies, which allow the unhindered penetration of solar radiation to the Earth's surface, intensifying the overall temperature.[6]
They also cover a large geographical area that has a greater atmospheric pressure than the surrounding regions.[6] The high-atmospheric pressure area acts like a lid on the atmosphere and causes warm air to be pushed to the surface and holding it there over extended durations.[6]
Heat domes allow maximum heating of Earth as it allows penetration of sunshine to the surface of the Earth.[7]
Creation
Heat domes can arise in still and dry summer conditions, when a mass of warm air builds up, and the high pressure from the Earth's atmosphere pushes the warm air down. The air is then compressed, and as its net heat is now in a smaller volume, it increases in temperature. As the warm air attempts to rise, the high pressure above it acts as a dome, forcing the air down and causing it to get hotter and hotter, resulting in increased pressure below the dome.[8][9]
The 2021 Northwest heat dome was formed in this way, as a stagnant high-pressure system intensified local temperatures, blocked cooling maritime breezes, and hindered cloud formation. This allowed uninterrupted solar radiation to further warm the air and the rising warm air was pushed back down by the high-pressure system, creating a self-sustaining cycle of heating.[10]
Increases in sea surface temperatures across the Northern Pacific, particularly off the coast of Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia, create favorable conditions for the formation of high atmospheric pressure domes, which can lead to the development of heat domes.[11]
Relationship to climate change
Studies indicate that human-induced climate change[12] plays a significant role in the formation of heat domes, as heat domes are more likely to occur in higher atmospheric temperatures. The occurrence of heat domes contribute to the positive feedback loop of increased climate change by resulting in overall higher atmospheric temperatures.[13]
Effects
Other weather events
Heat domes coincide with stagnant atmospheric conditions, exacerbating air quality issues.[14] Common byproducts include increased smog and pollution levels.[15] Heat domes can intensify heat waves by interacting with other weather systems, such as frontal boundaries.[16] They can also contribute to drought by increasing the rate of evaporation and reducing soil moisture.[17] In areas such as California's Central Valley, heat domes exacerbate drought conditions by increasing the rate of evaporation amongst crops and native vegetation.[18]
Ecosystem
Previous heat domes have been linked to the widespread damage of trees, primarily through high solar irradiation.[19] Alongside foliar scorching as a result of heat stress, the evolutionary creation and success of heat-resilient foliar species[19] were byproducts of heat domes.
Heat domes increase the thermal stress[20] of organisms living in intertidal ecosystems, a factor that has previously led to the deaths of marine species during the 2021 North American Heat Dome.
Community
The occurrence of heat domes have contributed to increasing climate change concerns. This was particularly demonstrated among British Columbians, who in previous studies displayed higher levels of climate change anxiety[21] following the 2021 North American Heat Dome.
Heat domes put communities at risk of increased mortality rates.[22] Heat dome deaths[22] are more likely to impact susceptible and marginalized populations, who are less likely to have access to air-conditioned living spaces.
Notable events
The 2021 Western North America heat dome garnered its attention for its unprecedented intensity and duration in recent years which led to significant societal influences such as widespread power outages and increased wildfire activities.[19] This further emphasized the urgency of addressing climate change in order to reduce the occurrence and severity of such events.[23][24] Addressing greenhouse gas emissions and adopting strategies are significant steps in lessening the frequency of extreme heat events in 2021.
In 2021, a record-breaking heat dome based in British Columbia caused countless community deaths, resulting in a record of being a catastrophic time of the year.[22] Most households in the broader Vancouver lack air conditioning, resulting in individuals to be highly susceptible to deaths caused by heat such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. The study on this event emphasizes the importance of public health and providing more air conditioning and urban green spaces.[22]
Persistent heat dome led to extensive wildfires, crop failures, and a surge in mortality rates during the Russian heatwave in 2010. The far-reaching consequences affected by economic and social factors of this event reverberated globally, impacting the interconnectedness of regional weather phenomena and agricultural markets.[25]
Research points to a projected increase in stationary waves circulating around North America following the occurrence of heat domes.[26] These are the same waves that lead to extreme heat events, indicating a higher likelihood[26] of similar events taking place in the future. Research studies have shown that the development of heat domes are generally improbable,[27] however the increasing level of concern surrounding the impact of climate change highlights that heat domes may no longer become a rare occurrence.
Mitigation
Techniques to mitigate the effects of heat domes often involve urban planning,[28] public health initiatives, and community interaction. Strategies include increasing green areas,[29] using cool roofs[30] and improving ventilation[31] in urban areas. Public agencies provide support to vulnerable populations, reducing adverse heat-related impacts through the following methods: heat health warning systems,[32] data monitoring, cooling centers,[33] water management,[34] and climate change suppression,[35] among other efforts. Educational campaigns increase awareness of heat safety, increasing effectiveness of other mitigation methods.[36]
